Refugee communities of
            <i>Carbonicola</i>

Hardy, P. G.; Broadhurst, F. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1978.tb01302.x

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In nearly all the other slabs with trails, the latter are terminated by a broken margin, so that it is probable that a much higher proportion of trails were directly associated with burrows in these beds. No trail was found to cross a bedding plane, nor to have marginal elevations (contrast the supposed bivalve trails of Hardy and Broadhurst 1978, Fig. 1).…”

Section: (A) the General Successionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…On the other hand the data do not preclude the possibility that a small proportion of the assemblage may have been fully embedded, as has been concluded for Carbonicola at higher horizons (Eagar 1974, Fig. 12;Hardy and Broadhurst 1978).…”

Section: (A) the General Successionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…2 at Nanyang Technological University on August 20, 2015 http://pygs.lyellcollection.org/ Downloaded from have been noted. The latter continue, with steadily increasing vertical extent, into higher horizons, so that in the uppermost Namurian, escape shafts not uncommonly reach just over a metre (Hardy and Broadhurst 1978). Although increased rate of deposition per unit time in the late Namurian may account for some of the increase in the vertical extent of escape burrows, the great difference in the length of the burrows as seen, for instance, between the Scotland Flags, where their maximum known extent is 120 mm and the somewhat similar Haslingden Flags, suggests also that there was an evolutionary change in the pattern of upward movement.…”

Section: Introduction and Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…or, when superimposed on successive bedding planes, to Pelecypodichnus escape shafts. These were formed respectively by static burrow occupation, and by intermittent upward migration ofbivalves (Eagar 1977,Hardy andBroadhurst 1978). Sections vertical to the bedding tend to show a succession of V-shapes where an escape shaft has been formed (Plate 23F, section 5-6).…”

Section: Introduction and Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

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TRACE FOSSILS AS EVIDENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF CARBONICOLA

Eagar¹,

Okolo²,

Walters³

1983

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SUMMARY In Standedge cutting near Marsden, Yorkshire, the Butterly Marine Band, of late Kinderscoutian (Namurian R 1C ) age, is gradationally overlain by a small-scale (7 m) coarsening-upward sequence. This is characterised by parallel-laminated mudstone-dominated units at the base and by parallel-laminated fine sandstone/siltstone-dominated lithofacies at the top. The sequence, which probably reflects the infilling of a shallow interdistributary bay by sediment-laden incursions from distributaries, is truncated by erosion at the base of the Upper Kinderscout Grit. Planolites occurs sporadically in the 2 m of laminated silty mudstones lying immediately above the Marine Band. In the succeeding thin sandstones, siltstones and silty mudstones trace fossils are abundant and include ‘ Scolicia ’, Cochlichnus and hitherto undescribed forms. Pelecypodichnus and Pelecypodichnus escape shafts are extremely numerous in these beds and both are commonly connected to trails which are parallel to bedding planes. The association of trails with burrows indicates that bivalve movement was initially across the substratum, then steeply downward and finally more or less vertically upward. The structures fit the recently described marginally marine bivalves provisionally designated of. Sanguinolites Hind non M’Coy from the top of the Upper Kinderscout Grit in Sabden Brook, near Clitheroe. On the basis of comparative internal and external shell morphology this form appears to be ancestral to Carbonicola (Eagar 1977). Burrows and escape shafts at Standedge fit well into the sequence of burrow morphologies in which progressively longer escape shafts develop from the middle of the Shale Grit to the middle of the Marsdenian. Thence they merge upward into forms ascribed to Carbonicola, which are associated with trace fossils suggestive of fresher water. Escape shafts of Carbonicola, as far as they have been investigated, tend to show more pronounced current orientation of their long axes than shafts attributed to cf. Sanguinolites.

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Section: (A) the General Successionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: (A) the General Successionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introduction and Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introduction and Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

TRACE FOSSILS AS EVIDENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF CARBONICOLA

Eagar¹,

Okolo²,

Walters³

1983

PYGS

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“…The latter bivalves were able to burrow down vertically, their long axis at right angles to bedding planes, and then to move vertically upward pushing by pedal activity to keep pace with sedimentation. An 'invading fauna', or 'surviving fauna' of Hardy and Broadhurst (1978), consists of predominantly elongate shells, typically with long pointed posterior ends and short anterior lobes and thus very much of the A. prolifera pattern although quite unrelated.…”

Section: Stratigraphical Assessment Of the Faunamentioning

confidence: 99%

Succession, palaeoecology, evolution, and speciation of Pennsylvanian non‐marine bivalves, Northern Appalachian Basin, USA

Eagar

Belt

2003

Geological Journal

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Seventeen horizons of non-marine bivalves are described within the Appalachian succession from the base of the Pottsville Group of Westphalian A-B age to the Uniontown coal of Stephanian C age at the top of the Carboniferous System. A new highly variable fauna of Anthraconaia from the roof shales of the Upper Freeport coal near Kempton, west Maryland, dates from late Westphalian D or very early Cantabrian time, on the evidence of non-marine shells and megafloras. Below this horizon, the Appalachian sequence reveals zones of Anthraconauta phillipsii and Anthraconauta tenuis in the same order as in Britain, whereas faunas of Anthraconaia of these zones are less common and differ from those of Britain. In all horizons above the Upper Freeport coal all non-marine bivalve faunas consist of stages in the sequences of two natural species, the groups of Anthraconaia prolifera and Anthraconaia puella-saravana. The first shows evidence of having lived in well-oxygenated, probably shallow, fresh water conditions of relatively wide extent. The second group lived preferentially in a plant-rich environment of relatively stagnant fresh water. Both groups are found in horizons associated with coal seams and may be seen together in the same habitats, but diagrams of variation (pictographs) suggest that there was no interbreeding between the two groups in either the Northern Appalachians or in southern Germany where the species split was first recognized. In the northern Spanish coalfields of Guardo-Valderrueda and Central Asturia, facies evidence suggests how an initial split may have taken place in the same morphological directions and into the same palaeoenvironments as the later split into two species.Appalachian deposition was generally slow and intermittent with frequent palaeosols. There is also evidence of erosion and of small palaeontological breaks in the sequence, especially near the eastern edge of the Northern Appalachian Basin in western Maryland. The amount of accumulated sediment was less than one-tenth of that of western Europe when basin centre deposition is compared. We found no evidence of a major palaeontological break representing Westphalian D strata overlain by Stephanian C strata. We figure non-marine bivalve faunas of Stephanian B age in association with the Pittsburgh and the Little Pittsburgh coals. Two new species of non-marine bivalves are described: Anthraconaia anthraconautiformis sp. nov. and Anthraconaia extrema sp. nov.

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A new section around the Amaliae (Tonge's) Marine Band near Manchester, England

Chisholm

1983

Geological Journal

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An excavation for a reservoir at Hartshead, Greater Manchester, has provided a section through part of the lower Coal Measures (Westphalian A). The identification of two marker bands, the Amaliae (Tongc's) Marine Band and the Meadowfarm (Camel Mine) Marine Band enables the section to be correlated with the standard Lancashire sequence, with consequent revision to the published geological maps. Palacocurrent data arc also given. Trace fossil descriptions suggest differing facies associations of sandstones occurring adjacent to the marine bands in this area.

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Refugee communities of Carbonicola

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

TRACE FOSSILS AS EVIDENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF CARBONICOLA

TRACE FOSSILS AS EVIDENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF CARBONICOLA

Succession, palaeoecology, evolution, and speciation of Pennsylvanian non‐marine bivalves, Northern Appalachian Basin, USA

A new section around the Amaliae (Tonge's) Marine Band near Manchester, England

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