Abstract:Cooling something to 77 K is conceptually simple: immerse the object in liquid nitrogen. No one worries about where liquid nitrogen comes from; it is a by-product of oxygen production, and costs in truckload quantities. However, the field of superconductivity has long been relegated to the research laboratory explicitly because it is so expensive to reach 4 K, the temperature of liquid helium. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how very low temperatures are achieved.
Set email alert for when this publication receives citations?
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.