“…The traumatic effects of the Cercle's actions also merge with and are worsened by present-day anti-Haitianism (Tavernier, 2008) and anti-Black racism, communicated through hyper-universalism (Rebourcet, 2020) and a stigmatization (Joseph, 2016) of Blackness, Afro-Haitian religiosity, and Haitian personhood (Endong & Obi, 2020).…”