Refractory Corrosion Under Oxy-Fuel Firing Conditions

Faberand, A. J.; Verheijen, Oscar

doi:10.1002/9780470294406.ch10

Cited by 2 publications

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“…To calculate p Ã NaOH , the measured evaporation rates in combination with the Eqs. (6), (7), (8a), and (9) were used. The results are compared in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…E vaporation of volatile components from the glass melt surface is one of the main causes of particulate and heavy metal emissions of industrial glass furnaces 1–3 . Evaporation of glass melt components might also lead to depletion of volatile glass compounds at the surface layer of the melt (this process may be a source for cord in the glass product) 4 or formation of aggressive vapors (e.g., alkali or lead vapors), reacting with the superstructure silica‐based refractory materials 5–7 …”

Section: Introduction and Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Evaporation of glass melt components might also lead to depletion of volatile glass compounds at the surface layer of the melt (this process may be a source for cord in the glass product) 4 or formation of aggressive vapors (e.g., alkali or lead vapors), reacting with the superstructure silica-based refractory materials. [5][6][7] The evaporation rates depend on the process conditions in the glass furnace, like:…”

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Models and Experiments for Sodium Evaporation From Sodium‐Containing Silicate Melts

Limpt¹,

Beerkens²,

Verheijen³

2006

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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Universal simulation models based on (a) validated mass transfer relations and (b) thermodynamic modeling procedures for glass melts are developed to predict the evaporation rates of volatile species from a large range of glass melt compositions. Depending on the glass composition, temperature of the surface of the melt, local composition of the atmosphere, exposure time of a melt layer to the combustion atmosphere, and local gas velocities above the glass melt surface, the evaporation rates of volatile species can be estimated. Laboratory‐scale transpiration evaporation experiments have been used to study evaporation kinetics, to derive mass transfer relations, as well as to validate the sodium evaporation modeling results for sodium‐silicate melts as well as for soda‐lime‐silicate melts. In these investigations, the molten sodium‐silicate and soda‐lime‐silicate melts are exposed to atmospheres of flowing gases with controlled composition and gas flow rates. In a humid atmosphere for example, sodium mainly evaporates as NaOH. From the measured NaOH evaporation rates and the mass transfer relations, the NaOH vapor pressures in equilibrium with the molten glass at prevalent temperature and furnace atmosphere composition were derived. The NaOH vapor pressures are assumed to be in equilibrium with the glass melt composition at the surface of the melt. During the evaporation test, the Na2O surface composition will change due to depletion. This leads to equilibrium vapor pressures decreasing with time, reflecting the changing chemical activity at the glass melt surface. The results of evaporation tests for sodium‐disilicate and soda‐lime‐silicate glass melts are shown. Chemical activities derived from these measurements are compared with the results of thermodynamic modeling, using a method based on a glass melt from ideal mixtures of associate (stoichiometric) species of structural compounds with known thermodynamic properties.

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“…To calculate p Ã NaOH , the measured evaporation rates in combination with the Eqs. (6), (7), (8a), and (9) were used. The results are compared in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Models and Experiments for Sodium Evaporation From Sodium‐Containing Silicate Melts

Limpt¹,

Beerkens²,

Verheijen³

2006

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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“…The mechanism of corrosion of silica crown refractory by sodium and other alkali metal vapor species is discussed by LeBlanc (1996), Faber andVerheijen (1997), Godard et al (1997), Kotacska and Cooper (1997), Misra et al (1998), andPaskocimas et al (1998). Two distinct processes are reported: (1) corrosion of the hot face exposed to combustion products and (2) formation of cavities in the refractory connected by narrow channels to the hot face ("rat holing").…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Sodium in an Oxygen-Natural Gas Fired Soda-Lime-Silica Glass Melting Furnace

Buckley

Walsh

Hahn

et al. 2008

A Collection of Papers Presented at the 60th Conference on Glass Problems: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume

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Sodium species vaporized from melting batch and molten glass in tank furnaces are the principal agents of corrosion of superstructure refractory and main contributors to emissions of particulate matter from glass melting. The use of oxygen in place of air for combustion of natural gas reduces particulate emissions, but is thought to accelerate corrosion in some melting tanks. Methods for measuring sodium are under investigation as means for identifying the volatilization, transport, and deposition mechanisms and developing strategies for control. Three separate methods were used to measure the concentrations of sodium species at various locations in an oxygen-natural gas-fired soda-lime-silica glass melting tank. Measurements were made inside the furnace using the absorption of visible light' and in the flue duct using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Measurements in both the furnace and flue were also made by withdrawing and analyzing samples of 'the furnace gas.

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Refractory Corrosion Under Oxy-Fuel Firing Conditions

Cited by 2 publications

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Models and Experiments for Sodium Evaporation From Sodium‐Containing Silicate Melts

Models and Experiments for Sodium Evaporation From Sodium‐Containing Silicate Melts

Measurements of Sodium in an Oxygen-Natural Gas Fired Soda-Lime-Silica Glass Melting Furnace

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