Refractory Black Carbon Results and a Method Comparison between Solid-state Cutting and Continuous Melting Sampling of a West Antarctic Snow and Firn Core

Marquetto, Luciano; Kaspari, Susan; Simões, Jefferson Cárdia; Babik, Emil

doi:10.1007/s00376-019-9124-8

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Previous works have shown that the Marin‐5 nebulization efficiency is not size dependent in the 200–3,000 nm diameter range (Katich et al, 2017; Mori et al, 2016). The nebulization efficiency for the Marin‐5 at CWU was calculated to be 68.31% ± 5.91% (1 σ ) (Marquetto, Kaspari, Simões, & Babik, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The internal calibration was carried out on CWU's SP2 using a Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer (CPMA) to mass‐select BC particles of a known polydisperse BC standard consisting of Aquadag (Acheson Industries Inc., Port Huron, MI, USA) diluted in Milli‐Q water (MilliQ‐Element, Millipore, Milford, USA; 18.2 M Ω). Aquadag was also used for the daily SP2 external calibration (details of the external calibration are in Marquetto, Kaspari, Simões, & Babik, 2020). The use of a CPMA to mass‐select BC particles in the SP2 internal calibration is recommended in Schwarz et al (2012) to reduce uncertainties associated with detection of large rBC particles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details on laboratory and cold room cleaning as well as the cut plan for the samples are presented in Marquetto, Kaspari, Simões, and Babik (2020). Briefly, the samples were hand scraped with a clean ceramic knife in a laminar flow hood inside a cold room, to remove the outer snow/firn layer (2-4 mm).…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aquadag was also used for the daily SP2 external calibration (details of the external calibration are in Marquetto, Kaspari, Simões, & Babik, 2020).The use of a CPMA to mass-select BC particles in the SP2 internal calibration is recommended in Schwarz et al (2012) to reduce uncertainties associated with detection of large rBC particles. Particle mass analyzers select particles by their mass-to-charge ratio by balancing electrostatic and centrifugal forces and are a better choice for particle calibration than Differential Mobility Analyzers (DMA) as the latter classifies particles by size and thus needs further corrections along with BC density assumptions in order to calculate the particle mass (Gysel et al, 2011;Olfert & Collings, 2005).…”

Section: 1029/2020ea001198mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass and Number Size Distributions of rBC in Snow and Firn Samples From Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica

Marquetto

Kaspari

Simões

2020

Earth and Space Science

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An extended-range Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) coupled to a Marin-5 nebulizer was used to measure the refractory black carbon (rBC) mass and number size distributions in 1,004 samples from a West Antarctica snow/firn core. The SP2 was calibrated using Aquadag and a Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer for BC particles ranging from 0.5 to 800 fg. Our results indicate a significant contribution of rare, large particles of mass-equivalent diameter (D BC) > 500 nm to the total rBC mass (36%), while small particles (D BC < 100 nm) are abundant but contribute <8% to total rBC mass. We observed a primary mass median diameter of 162 ± 40 nm, smaller than reported for snow in other regions of the globe but similar to East Antarctica rBC size distributions. In addition, we observed other modes at 673, 1,040, and >1,810 nm (uncontained mode). We compared two sets of samples from different seasons (wet vs. dry) and observed that dry season concentrations are 3.4 and 2 times that of the wet season in the ranges of 80 nm < D BC < 500 nm (small particles) and 500 nm < D BC < 2,000 nm (large particles), respectively, while number of particles in the dry season is 3.5 and 2 times that of the wet season for the same size ranges. Millimeter thick melt layers have been observed in some samples, although they did not change the observed median diameter. This study provides the first detailed rBC mass and number size distribution from West Antarctica. Plain Language Summary Black carbon (BC) is a particle produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass burning and fossil fuels and plays an important role in the climate system due to its strong light absorption properties. The size of BC particles in snow is important for determining the effects that BC has on the cryosphere and provides insight into the processes controlling BC emission history, transport, and deposition. Past studies indicate spatial differences of BC size distributions in snow, but these studies are limited in number, and more are needed to address this spatial variability. Here the size distribution is presented of BC particles from 1,004 samples from a Pine Island Glacier ice core, West Antarctica, in a region where there is no information of BC particle size in snow. BC in West Antarctica is smaller than other regions of the globe but large, rare particles are also present. These large BC particles are larger than what other studies have reported and could be a result of long-range transport from other continents and/or agglomeration from small particles during transport or deposition.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 1029/2020ea001198mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mass and Number Size Distributions of rBC in Snow and Firn Samples From Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica

Marquetto

Kaspari

Simões

2020

Earth and Space Science

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“…Katich et al (2017) managed to get nebulization efficiencies near 100% with their equipment set up. We calculated the CWU Marin-5 nebulization efficiency to be 68.3 ± 5.9% (1σ) based on the external calibration carried out every working day using Aquadag standards (Marquetto et al, 2019). We found a decrease in nebulization efficiency during the laboratory work period (-0.31% per working day or -13.3% over the 43 working days), but we assume the nebulization efficiency to remain stable between the measurement of the standard and the samples measured for the day, as Katich et al (2017).…”

Section: Rbc Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractory Black carbon (rBC) variability in a 47-year West Antarctic Snow and Firn core

Marquetto¹,

Kaspari²,

Simões³

2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is an important climate-forcing agent that affects snow albedo. In this work, we present a record of refractory black carbon (rBC) variability, measured from a 20-meter deep snow and firn core drilled in West Antarctica (79°55'34.6"S, 94°21'13.3"W) during the 2014–2015 austral summer. The core was analyzed using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) coupled to a CETAC Marin-5 nebulizer. Results show a well-defined seasonality with geometric mean concentrations of 0.015 µg L−1 for the wet season (summer/fall) and 0.057 µg L−1 for the dry season (winter/spring). The core was dated to 47 years (1968–2015) using rBC seasonality as the main parameter, along with Na, S and Sr variations. The annual rBC concentration geometric mean was 0.03 µg L−1, the lowest of all rBC cores in Antarctica referenced in this work, while the annual rBC flux was 6.25 µg m−2 a−1, the lowest flux in West Antarctica records so far. No long-term trend was observed. Snow albedo changes in the site due to BC were simulated using SNICAR-online and found to be very low comparing to clean snow (−0.48 %). Fire spots inventory and BC emission estimates from the Southern Hemisphere suggest Australia and Southern Hemisphere South America as the most probable emission sources of BC to the drilling site. Spectral analysis (REDFIT method) of the BC record showed cycles related to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) but not to El Niño Southern Oscillation ENSO, and comparison with time series of co-registered Na record suggest BC transport to the site not to be related to the intrusion of marine air masses.

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Refractory black carbon (rBC) variability in a 47-year West Antarctic snow and firn core

2020

Self Cite

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is an important climate-forcing agent that affects snow albedo. In this work, we present a record of refractory black carbon (rBC) variability, measured from a 20 m deep snow and firn core drilled in West Antarctica (79∘55′34.6′′ S, 94∘21′13.3′′ W, 2122 m above sea level) during the 2014–2015 austral summer. This is the highest elevation rBC record from West Antarctica. The core was analyzed using the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) coupled to a CETAC Marin-5 nebulizer. Results show a well-defined seasonality with geometric mean concentrations of 0.015 µg L−1 for the wet season (austral summer–fall) and 0.057 µg L−1 for the dry season (austral winter–spring). The core was dated to 47 years (1968–2015) using rBC seasonality as the main parameter, along with sodium (Na), sulfur (S) and strontium (Sr) variations. The annual rBC concentration geometric mean was 0.03 µg L−1, the lowest of all rBC cores in Antarctica referenced in this work, while the annual rBC flux was 6.25 µg m−2 a−1, the lowest flux in West Antarctica rBC records. No long-term trend was observed. Snow albedo reductions at the site due to BC were simulated using SNICAR online and found to be insignificant (−0.48 %) compared to clean snow. Fire spot inventory and BC emission estimates from the Southern Hemisphere suggest Australia and Southern Hemisphere South America as the most probable emission sources of BC to the drilling site, whereas HYSPLIT model particle transport simulations from 1968 to 2015 support Australia and New Zealand as rBC sources, with limited contributions from South America. Spectral analysis (REDFIT method) of the BC record showed cycles related to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but cycles in common with the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) were not detected. Correlation of rBC records in Antarctica with snow accumulation, elevation and distance to the sea suggests rBC transport to East Antarctica is different from transport to West Antarctica.

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Refractory Black Carbon Results and a Method Comparison between Solid-state Cutting and Continuous Melting Sampling of a West Antarctic Snow and Firn Core

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

Mass and Number Size Distributions of rBC in Snow and Firn Samples From Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica

Mass and Number Size Distributions of rBC in Snow and Firn Samples From Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica

Refractory Black carbon (rBC) variability in a 47-year West Antarctic Snow and Firn core

Refractory black carbon (rBC) variability in a 47-year West Antarctic snow and firn core

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