Refractometric study on binary, ternary, and quaternary solutions made by water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, D-glucose monohydrate (DGMH), sucrose, and sodium chloride at T = 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure

Abstract

The glycerol, D-glucose monohydrate (DGMH), sucrose, and sodium chloride are used in food industries and the measurement of properties for these components and their aqueous solutions can be important. In this research work, the refractive indices for binary solutions of (methanol + glycerol), (ethanol + glycerol), ternary solutions of (water + glycerol + DGMH), (water + glycerol + sucrose), (water + sucrose + DGMH), (water + sucrose + ethanol), (water + ethanol + DGMH), (water + NaCl + DGMH), (water + methanol + NaCl), (water + ethanol + NaCl), (water + NaCl + glycerol), (water + sucrose + NaCl), and quaternary solutions of (water + ethanol + sucrose + DGMH), (water + ethanol + sucrose + glycerol), (water + NaCl + sucrose + glycerol) were measured in wide range of mole fractions at T = 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure. For binary solutions of this study, the changes of refractive index on mixing, ∆nD, were calculated in each mole fraction at T = 293.15 K. Also, the refractive index of binary solutions was fitted by a semi-empirical equation. The constant of this equation, Kr, was represented by Koohyar et al. in 2011. This constant can be used to investigate power of interactions between solute and solvent molecules. For ternary and quaternary solutions of this study, a semi-empirical equation was used to determine refractive indices at given temperature. The comparison between calculated and experimental refractive indices shows that there is a good agreement between them especially in lower molal concentrations.

Thioflavin-T: A Quantum Yield-Based Molecular Viscometer for Glycerol–Monohydroxy Alcohol Mixtures

“…We cannot, however, compare the interaction parameters obtained from our analysis to the excess molar refractivity as the two physical parameters depend on different properties of the medium, but it validates that our model can successfully predict the positive and negative deviation from ideality. This observation can be validated from previous thermodynamic studies also. – So, our proposed model of ThT quantum yield can successfully estimate the degree of solvent–solvent interaction and can predict nonideality without any help from excess thermodynamic property measurements.…”

“…The refractive index values of exact compositions of the methanol–glycerol solvent mixture used in this study at 25 °C are reported in the literature . For ethanol–glycerol, n -butanol–glycerol, and tert -butanol–glycerol mixtures, the refractive index values are reported in several compositions but not at the exact compositions of the mixtures prepared by us. – To estimate the values at our experimental compositions, we fitted the reported data using a second-order polynomial equation and evaluated the required values from it. The literature values along with the estimated refractive indexes are reported in Supporting Information Table S2.…”

“…The trend of log φ ThT also showed a nonlinear dependence on X Gly , indicating the nonideality of the solvent mixtures. The nonideality originates from a specific interaction between the components of the mixture. – Since φ ThT is a direct manifestation of viscosity of the medium, we followed the Grunberg–Nissan model for liquid mixture viscosity to quantitatively analyze the variation of φ ThT . , The simplest approach would be to model φ ThT of the solvent mixtures to be a linear combination of the values in pure components, but it only works for ideal cases. Grunberg–Nissan developed an empirical model to estimate the viscosity of solvent mixtures. , It follows an Arrhenius type of mixing model with the incorporation of a solvent–solvent interaction parameter. , As per the proposition of the Grunberg–Nissan model, this interaction coefficient depends on temperature but does not change with the composition of the mixture.…”

“…The interaction parameters for each of our experimental systems are reported in Table , and these values indicate the extent of interaction between the two components of the binary mixture. Generally, to predict deviation from ideally of liquid mixtures, excess thermodynamic quantities are measured. – Spectroscopic properties such as solvatochromic shift were also used to predict synergistic or preferential interactions . However, estimation of the solvent–solvent interaction using quantum yield data is rare.…”

“…The viscosity coefficients for our experimental compositions of the methanol–glycerol mixture were obtained from a previous report and were directly used for calculations . However, in the case of the ethanol–glycerol, n -butanol–glycerol, and tert -butanol–glycerol mixtures, viscosity coefficients were reported, but not specifically for the compositions studied here. – Hence, for these two cases, we applied the Grunberg–Nissan model to the available data and estimated the viscosity values according to our requirements. , A detailed analysis is provided in Supporting Information Scheme S2 and Figure S3. After conducting an extensive literature search, we discovered a lack of published data on the viscosity for the n -propanol–glycerol and iso -propanol–glycerol mixture.…”