Refractive index profiles of MeV phosphor ion implanted planar waveguide in KTP

Theoretical modeling and experiment of refractive index change in He+ ion-implanted KTP waveguide

“…Since the 1980s, waveguides in KTP have been fabricated by ion implantation with many different ion species, including light ions such as H [8], He [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], and the heavy or medium ions such as Ni [16], P [17], Li [14,18], Si [19], C [20], etc. Although waveguide phenomena have been observed and measured in these experiments, little work had been done for investigating the mechanism of waveguide formation.…”

Annealing Characters of KTP Crystal Formed with He+-Ions at High Dose and Low Energy

“…At present, waveguides in KTP have been fabricated by both the light ions such as H [8], He [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and the heavy or medium ions such as Ni [17], P [18], Li [15,19], Si [20], or C [21], etc.…”

“…Several experimental results [9,14,[16][17][18][19][20] have shown that the surface refractive index n x and n z in guide region can be increased and waveguide quality can be improved after suitable annealing treatment. In this paper, we will report the KTP crystal implanted by 150KeV He + ions with 8×10 16 ions/cm 2 , and analyze the refractive index profiles in the crystal after a set of thermal annealing under suitable conditions.…”

The formation of double waveguides in a KTP crystal by combining ion exchange with ion implantation

“…Ion implantation is an effective method to modulate the refractive index profile of the waveguide by controlling the condition of ion implantation, especially forming the mono-mode waveguide with a rectangular refractive index distribution, which is very important to improve the properties of waveguide devices. Waveguides in KTP have been fabricated by the implantation of H, He, Li and P ions [6][7][8][9].…”