Refractive index profiles of LiNbO3: Ti waveguides

Vollmer, J.; Nisius, J. P.; Hertel, P.; Krätzig, E.

doi:10.1007/bf00616607

Cited by 36 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The penetration depths of titanium and iron in the LiNbO, substrate are large compared to the thicknesses of the vacuum-deposited metal layers. Thus we expect [7] that the concentration profiles of both dopants can be described by Gaussian functions (diffusion from a finite source),…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration and refractive index profiles of titanium- and iron-diffused planar LiNbO3 waveguides

Kip

Gather

Bendig

et al. 1993

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

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Depth profiles of titanium, iron, and niobium concentrations are investigated with an electron microprobe in planar optical LiNbO3:Ti waveguides additionally doped with iron. The profiles are well described by Gaussian functions allowing the determination of diffusion constants. The extraordinary refractive index of the waveguides can be described by a linear superposition of iron and titanium profiles.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration and refractive index profiles of titanium- and iron-diffused planar LiNbO3 waveguides

Kip

Gather

Bendig

et al. 1993

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

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“…[10]. Then the modal distribution of the guided light was calculated by solving the scalar Helmholtz equation following the finite difference approach on the obtained structure.…”

Section: Numerical Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity enhancement of integrated optical near field sensors

et al. 2008

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Sensors based on materials with high refractive indices are desirable for sensing applications where a low penetration depth of the evanescent field into the covering analyte medium is required. To enhance the proportion of power carried into the covering medium while keeping the penetration depth low, a waveguiding device can be coated by a high-index film of metal oxide. We present numerical calculations as well as experimental comparisons between the evanescent fields of titanium dioxide-coated and uncoated waveguides in lithium niobate. The experiments were performed by using a Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (SNOM) in collection mode, which is an appropriate tool to measure and characterise evanescent fields. The coating of the waveguide leads to an enhancement of the power carried out into the covering medium by a factor 15 while the penetration depth remains the same in the range of a few 10 nm.

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“…The subsequent thermal indiffusion at temperatures of T 9500 1050°C for several hours (3 -15 h) results in transparent Ti:LiNbO3 films or stripes with an increased refractive index for both the ordinary (n0) as well as for the extraordinary index (ne). The refractive index profile of the increased extraordinary index is proportional to the Gaussian distribution of the indiffused titanium ions, whereas the the shape of the ordinary index profile is somewhat different [12][13][14][15]. This is due to the nonlinear dependence of the index increase An0 on the Ti-concentration.…”

Section: A Titanium Indiffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%