Refractive Errors in the Adult Pakistani Population: The National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey

Sp, Shah; Mz, Jadoon; Dineen, Brendan; Bourne, RR; Johnson, George; Gilbert, Clare; Khan, M. R.

doi:10.1080/09286580802105822

Cited by 71 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…23 the ''unmet needs'' for RS and CSS, as well as spectacle coverage and cataract surgical coverage. The spectacle coverage rates (based on the ''better-seeing eye'' definition) in our cohort (42.7%-65.5%) were slightly lower than reported in Taiwan (71.2%), 28 but higher than reported in many developing countries (e.g., 3.4% in Nigeria, 29 3.0% in Bangladesh, 30 6.2% in Pakistan, 31 and 17.4% in India 32 ). Likewise, our cataract surgical coverage rates (34.5%-63.4%) were slightly lower than reported in Latinos in the United States (65.7%), 33 but generally higher than reported in developing regions (well below 50%).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

How Much Eye Care Services Do Asian Populations Need? Projection from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease (SEED) Study

Zheng

Cheng

Lamoureux

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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1,3-5PURPOSE. We quantified and measured the needs for specific eye care services, including refractive services (RS), annual eye examination services (AES), cataract surgery services (CSS), and low vision services (LVS) in urban adult populations in Asia. METHODS.We conducted three population-based studies of Singapore-resident Chinese, Malays, and Indians aged ‡40 years to measure the proportion of people who needed specific eye care services. RESULTS.Our data included 3353 Chinese, 3280 Malays, and 3400 Indians (participation rate 73.6%). Overall, approximately 70% of the populations needed eye care services and more than 30% had more than one need. The age-standardized proportion of people who need RS, AES, CSS, and LVS were 65.3%, 22.4%, 12.5%, and 0.5%, respectively, in Chinese. These figures were 49.6%, 33.6%, 11.0%, and 0.7%, respectively, in Malays, and 55.6%, 40.0%, 13.4%, and 0.8%, respectively, in Indians. With demographic change, our projection showed that the number of adults needing eye care services in urban Asia will grow from 437 million in 2010 to 827 million in 2030. Diabetes was a major cause of AES and a significant predictor for CSS, whereas higher blood pressure was a predictor for AES.CONCLUSIONS. The needs for eye care services in an urban setting in Asia is high, particularly the needs for RS, AES, and CSS. The high prevalences of diabetes and hypertension are the driving factors underlying these needs. The burden of providing such eye care services highlights the need for new strategies for improvements in primary care and capacity building for eye care professionals other than ophthalmologists. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

How Much Eye Care Services Do Asian Populations Need? Projection from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease (SEED) Study

Zheng

Cheng

Lamoureux

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…In mainland China, the prevalence of myopia for definitions of spherical equivalent (SE) of <)0.50 D, <)1.0 D, <)6.0 D, and <)8.0 D were reported to be 22.9% (95% CI 21.7, 24.2), 16.9% (95% CI 15.8, 18.0), 2.6% (95% CI 2.2, 3.1), and 1.5% (95% CI 1.1, 1.9) respectively, in the Beijing Eye Study (n = 4439, aged 40-90 years). 6 The limitation of this study is that refraction was not performed on subjects with an uncorrected visual acuity of 0.0 logMAR (Snellen 6/6) or better.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In Adults In Asian Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16] The prevalence of myopia in Mongolian adults over 40 years was reported to be 17.2% (n = 1617). 17 In the WHO National Blindness and Low Vision Surveys in Bangladesh, non-cycloplegic refraction and subjective refraction were only performed on those with visual acuity worse than 0.30 logMAR (Snellen 6/12).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In Adults In Asian Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Pan

Ramamurthy

Saw

2011

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

717

569

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Background: Myopia, the most common type of refractive error, is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have tried to elucidate the aetiology of myopia. However, the exact aetiology of myopia is still unclear. Purpose: To summarize the worldwide patterns and trends for the prevalence of myopia and to evaluate the risk factors for myopia in population-based studies. Recent findings: The prevalences of myopia vary across populations of different regions and ethnicities. In population-based studies on children, the prevalence of myopia has been reported to be higher in urban areas and Chinese ethnicity. The regional and racial difference is not so obvious in adult populations aged over 40 years. More time spent on near work, less time outdoors, higher educational level and parental history of myopia have been reported to increase the risk of myopia. Conclusions: Environmental factors play a crucial role in myopia development. The effect of gene-environment interaction on the aetiology of myopia is still controversial with inconsistent findings in different studies. A relatively hyperopic periphery can stimulate compensating eye growth in the centre. Longitudinal cohort studies or randomized clinical trials of community-based health behaviour interventions should be conducted to further clarify the aetiology of myopia.

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“…Investigations have revealed, however, that urbanization can be associated with a marked myopic shift [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], leading to a pronounced increase in the prevalence of myopia, which is associated with an axial elongation of the globe. In addition, recent studies have shown that the level of education is associated with body height and amount of myopia, again factors potentially leading to a bias [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. It may be of interest to examine the relationship between body height and globe dimensions and its associated factors, including socioeconomic parameters, in a population relatively untouched by modern civilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body height and ocular dimensions in the adult population in rural central india. The Central India Eye and Medical Study

Nangia

Jonas

Matin

et al. 2010

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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In the rural population of Central India without urbanization-associated myopization, body height and size of the eye were associated with each other: taller subjects had larger eyes with a flatter cornea. An increase in body height per 10 cm was associated with an increase in anterior chamber depth by 1% and an increase in vitreous cavity length by 1%. Subjects with a higher body mass index had shorter eyes, flatter and thicker corneas, and thicker lenses. Taller subjects and subjects with a higher BMI were more hyperopic. Since the occurrence of some ocular diseases depends on eye size and refractive error, the results may be helpful for screening examinations and for elucidating pathogenic associations.

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Refractive Errors in the Adult Pakistani Population: The National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey

Cited by 71 publications

References 26 publications

How Much Eye Care Services Do Asian Populations Need? Projection from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease (SEED) Study

How Much Eye Care Services Do Asian Populations Need? Projection from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease (SEED) Study

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Body height and ocular dimensions in the adult population in rural central india. The Central India Eye and Medical Study

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