Refractive error, axial length and anterior chamber depth of the eye in British adults: the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study

Foster, Paul J.; Broadway, David C; Hayat, Shabina; Luben, Robert; Dalzell, Nichola; Bingham, S; Wareham, Nicholas J.; Khaw, Kay Tee

doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.163899

Cited by 102 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Microphthalmos/nanophthalmos was defined as a small, but morphologically normal, eye with an AL at least 2.0 standard deviation (SD) below the population mean (ie, !21.00 mm). 21 Approval for data access was given by the Clinical Audit Department, Moorfields Research and Development.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in microphthalmos and nanophthalmos

Day¹,

MacLaren²,

Bunce³

et al. 2013

Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in microphthalmos and nanophthalmos

Day¹,

MacLaren²,

Bunce³

et al. 2013

Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

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“…Every second conscript was chosen for axial length measurements. As height has been found to be related strongly to axial length, 16 we included height as a control variable in the analysis. Body height was measured using a standard wall stadiometer and was rounded to the nearest 0.1 cm.…”

Section: Examination Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Factors are Associated with Myopia in Young Adults? A Survey Study in Taiwan Military Conscripts

Lee

Sheu³

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

147

110

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PURPOSE. We investigated the independent impact of potential risk factors on myopia in young adults. METHODS.A survey study was conducted with male military conscripts aged 18 to 24 years between February 2010 and March 2011 in Taiwan. The participants were examined using non-cycloplegic autorefraction and biometry. The participants provided data about potential risk factors, including age, parental myopia, education, near work, outdoor activity, and urbanization. Myopia was defined as the mean spherical equivalent of the right eye of 0.5 diopters (D).RESULTS. Among 5145 eligible participants, 5048 (98.11%) had refraction and questionnaire data available; 2316 (45.88%) of these received axial length examination. The prevalence of myopia was 86.1% with a mean refractive error of À3.66 D (SD ¼ 2.73) and an axial length of 25.40 mm (SD ¼ 1.38). Older age, having myopic parents, higher education level, more time spent reading, nearer reading distance, less outdoor activity, and higher urbanization level were associated with myopia and longer axial length. More computer use was related to longer axial length. All risk factors associated with myopia also were predictors of high myopia ( À6.0 D), with the exception of outdoor activity. Finally, an interaction analysis showed shorter axial length was associated with more time spent outdoors only at high urbanization level. CONCLUSIONS.Older age, parental myopia, higher education level, more near work, less outdoor activity, and higher urbanization level were independent predictors of myopia. These data provided evidence to the multifactorial nature of myopia in young men in Taiwan. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.

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“…Male sex is associated with a longer AL than female sex [81,82], which may reflect differences in stature, but this does not translate into a higher prevalence of myopia [42,83,84]. Furthermore, the inter-ethnic variation in height with resulting longer ALs does not simply translate into a higher prevalence of myopia in taller populations.…”

Section: Al: the Major Endophenotype Of Refractive Errormentioning

confidence: 81%

Update on the epidemiology and genetics of myopic refractive error

Sherwin

Mackey

2013

Expert Review of Ophthalmology

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Refractive error, axial length and anterior chamber depth of the eye in British adults: the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study

Abstract: Refractive error in this predominantly white older UK population was associated with axial biometry and sociodemographic characteristics. Educational status was the strongest determinant of axial length.

Cited by 102 publications

References 21 publications

Outcomes of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in microphthalmos and nanophthalmos

Outcomes of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in microphthalmos and nanophthalmos

What Factors are Associated with Myopia in Young Adults? A Survey Study in Taiwan Military Conscripts

Update on the epidemiology and genetics of myopic refractive error

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