“…Yet Joyce (2022), studying the case of Liberia, finds that without robust liberal defense institutions in place, US military training is ineffective at transmitting liberal norms to trainees. Broadly, it appears to be the case that longer-term commitments that emphasize both political and military strategies, and in which US military personnel interact with host state militaries, also are more effective at reducing political violence in the state that receives the training (Watts et al, 2018).…”