Reform to Repatriation: Gendering an Americanization Movement in Early Twentieth-Century California

Camp, Stacey Lynn

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4863-1_15

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

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“…Some recent research has shown how domestic reformers in companies attempted to internally colonize working-class immigrant women to middle-class Anglo-American standards of housekeeping (Camp 2013;Komara 2012). In analogy to colonial exploitation of indigenous groups by an external invader, internal colonialism is a term initially used by Lenin, Gramsci, and their followers to discuss the economic exploitation and social and political exclusion of subordinated groups within a polity through stigmatization and discrimination legitimated by "race," ethnicity or religion.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Creation of the American Playground Movement by Reform Women, 1885–1930: A Feminist Analysis of Materialized Ideological Transformations in Gender Identities and Power Dynamics

Spencer‐Wood

Blackburn

2017

Int J Histor Archaeol

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Feminist research rediscovers the full scope of leadership by reform women and their organizations in initiating the American playground movement by creating playgrounds across the country. The multiple meanings of play and playground landscapes developed from interrelated ideological conceptions of motherhood and childhood that evolved over 200 years. Traditional domestic feminine identity was masculinized to authorize women to create publicsphere playgrounds. Team games merged feminine and masculine values to create new intersectional identities by teaching boys a feminized masculinity and girls a masculinized femininity. Reconnaissance surveys of historic playgrounds in Boston and Detroit found that playgrounds declined after 1950.

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confidence: 99%