Reflex Reversal in the Walking Systems of Mammals and Arthropods

Pearson, K. G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1985-0_18

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These findings suggest that the control mechanisms of an individual limb contribute to the generation of postural responses to tilt, but the contribution is rather limited. A detailed analysis of these mechanisms requires special studies; for discussion of possible sensory origin of postural reflexes in a limb, see Gossard et al (1994), Pearson (1995), Pratt (1995), and Duysens et al (2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlimb postural coordination in the standing cat

Deliagina

Sirota

Zelenin

et al. 2006

The Journal of Physiology

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The dorsal-side-up body posture in standing quadrupeds is maintained by coordinated activity of four limbs. We studied this coordination in the cat standing on the platform periodically tilted in the frontal plane. By suspending different body parts, we unloaded one, two, or three limbs. The activity of selected extensor muscles and the contact forces under the limbs were recorded. With all four limbs on the platform, extensors of the fore-and hindlimbs increased their activity in parallel during ipsilateral downward tilt. With two forelimbs on the platform, this muscular pattern persisted in the forelimbs and in the suspended hindlimbs. With two hindlimbs on the platform, the muscular pattern persisted only in the hindlimbs, but not in the suspended forelimbs. These results suggest that coordination between the two girdles is based primarily on the influences of the forelimbs upon the hindlimbs. However, these influences do not necessarily determine the responses to tilt in the hindlimbs. This was demonstrated by antiphase tilting of the fore-and hindquarters. Under these conditions, the extensors of the foreand hindlimbs appeared uncoupled and modulated in antiphase, suggesting an independent control of posture in the fore-and hindquarters. With only one limb supporting the shoulder or hip girdle, a muscular pattern with normal phasing was observed in both limbs of that girdle. This finding suggests that reflex mechanisms of an individual limb generate only a part of postural corrections; another part is produced on the basis of crossed influences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlimb postural coordination in the standing cat

Deliagina

Sirota

Zelenin

et al. 2006

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Stimulation of the plantaris nerve (red line) increases the magnitude of MG bursts (shaded area), as compared to MG activity in the absence of nerve stimulation (light blue trace). EMG panels adapted from Pearson and Collins (1993) and Pearson (1995), reprinted by permission from Springer Nature ©1995). (B) Refl ex reversal in leg sensorimotor loops.…”

Section: Magazinementioning

confidence: 99%

Proprioception

2018

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Although familiar to each of us, the sensation of inhabiting a body is ineffable. Traditional senses like vision and hearing monitor the external environment, allowing humans to have shared sensory experiences. But proprioception, the sensation of body position and movement, is fundamentally personal and typically absent from conscious perception. Nonetheless, this 'sixth sense' remains critical to human experience, a fact that is most apparent when one considers those who have lost it. Take, for example, the case of Ian Waterman who, at the age of 19, suffered a rare autoimmune response to a flu infection that attacked the sensory neurons from his neck down. This infection deprived him of the sense of position, movement and touch in his body. With this loss of feedback came a complete inability to coordinate his movements. While he could compel his muscles to contract, he lost the ability to orchestrate these actions into purposeful behaviors, in essence leaving him immobile, unable to stand, walk, or use his body to interact with the world. Only after years of dedicated training was he able to re-learn to move his body entirely under visual control.

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“…The neuronal networks controlling vertebrates and invertebrate leg joints are statedependent and phase-dependent on the motor output to a given stimulus (Pearson, 1993(Pearson, , 1995Prochazka, 1989). For example, in the stick insect, the motor output in response to fCO signals can be reversed when the animal becomes active.…”

Section: Parliamentary Organization In Sensory-motor Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is particularly from studies on reflex generation that very detailed knowledge about the neuronal circuits processing mechanosensory signals has become available (e.g., B/issler, 1993;Burrows and Laurent, 1989;Pearson, 1995). These studies revealed that in both vertebrates and in invertebrates, proprioceptive signals are processed in complex pathways, called parallel distributed processing (PDP; McClelland and Rumelhart, 1988;Anastasio and Robinson, 1990;Lockery and Kristan, 1990a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed processing on the basis of parallel and antagonistic pathways simulation of the femur-tibia control system in the stick insect

Sauer

Driesang²,

Büschges³

et al. 1996

J Comput Neurosci

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In inactive stick insects, sensory information from the femoral chordotonal organ (fCO) about position and movement of the femur-tibia joint is transferred via local nonspiking interneurons onto extensor and flexor tibiae motoneurons. Information is processed by the interaction of antagonistic parallel pathways at two levels: (1) at the input side of the nonspiking interneurons and (2) at the input side of the motoneurons. We tested by a combination of physiological experiments and computer simulation whether the known network topology and the properties of its elements are sufficient to explain the generation of the motor output in response to passive joint movements, that is resistance reflexes. In reinvestigating the quantitative characteristics of interneuronal pathways we identified 10 distinct types of nonspiking interneurons. Synaptic inputs from fCO afferents onto these interneurons are direct excitatory and indirect inhibitory. These connections were investigated with respect to position and velocity signals from the fCO. The results were introduced in the network simulation. The motor output of the simulation has the same characteristics as the real system, even when particular types of interneurons were removed in the simulation and the real system.

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Reflex Reversal in the Walking Systems of Mammals and Arthropods

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Interlimb postural coordination in the standing cat

Interlimb postural coordination in the standing cat

Proprioception

Distributed processing on the basis of parallel and antagonistic pathways simulation of the femur-tibia control system in the stick insect

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