Reflections on the nature of spirituality: Evolutionary context, biological mechanisms, and future directions

Abstract

Spiritual traditions and practices promote a positive and lasting transformation of our experience of self and of the world. Such traditions and practices are ubiquitous in human societies, but it remains unclear why and how they developed. Existing theories on the nature of spirituality range from the suggestion that human minds are inherently predisposed to spirituality, to the idea that spirituality developed adaptively to offer moral guidance and to promote mutually beneficial, cooperative behaviors. Here, we assess this question from the perspective of biological and cultural evolution, and propose that spirituality developed as a cultural adaptation to a characteristic feature of human mental experiencethe duality, or differentiation, of mental subject and mental object. This model traces the development of spirituality to evolutionary events at the core of human exceptionalism, and supports the transformational potential of spirituality in language consistent with scientific knowledge.

Being with other animals: Transitioning toward sustainable food futures

“…Thoughts often direct attention away from presence, going back into one's past, anticipating the future, or conceptualizing the presence rather than letting it be (Brandmeyer and Delorme, 2021). Throughout history, various traditions have developed a plethora of contemplative practices to touch into this sense of presence (Loy, 2019;Henning and Henning, 2021). Meditation has garnered attention from the scientific community, which has started to research the way in which such contemplative practice affects one's neurobiological structures so as to promote compassion (Singer and Klimecki, 2014;Josipovic, 2016) and diminish the dualistic separation between subject and object (e.g., Josipovic, 2014).…”