Reflection on whole effluent toxicity: The Pellston workshops

Ausley, Larry W.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620190101

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and the development of WET strategies and methods have become an important part of applied ecotoxicology. Because effluents are a main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, the study of the effects of effluent exposure on organisms has a high ecological relevance [1–3]. However, relating observed effects to specific pollutants or even classes of pollutants remains a very difficult task due to the usually unknown, complex, and variable composition of effluents [4–6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in cellular energy budget as a measure of whole effluent toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Smolders

Boeck

Blust

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

113

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Organisms exposed to suboptimal conditions face an a priori cost of combating stress in terms of metabolic resources. The energy available for maintenance, growth, and reproduction, based on the biochemical analysis of the energy budget rather than on the direct measurement of those endpoints, may therefore provide a sensitive measure of stress in an organism. The aim of this study was to validate changes in energy budget as an ecologically relevant sublethal parameter by comparing these responses with physiological, growth, and reproductive endpoints. A toxicity test with zebrafish (Danio rerio) was conducted where fish were exposed to a control and 50, 75, and 100% effluent for 28 d under flow-through conditions. Effects of effluent exposure were measured as changes in glycogen, lipid, and protein budgets. Furthermore, the observed effects were linked to different processes like growth, condition, respiration, and reproduction within the same populations. Our results indicate that changes in lipid budgets in exposed fish were the most sensitive endpoint. Excellent relations were found between cellular energy budgets, relative condition factor, and respiration (r2 = 0.795, p < 0.001; and r2 = 0.735, p < 0.001, respectively), but relations were poorer for reproductive output (r2 = 0.410, p < 0.034). As a whole, especially changes in lipid energy budgets provide a sensitive and fast indicator of altered condition in zebrafish under the given exposure regime and allow linking cellular effects to other endpoints within the same exposed populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in cellular energy budget as a measure of whole effluent toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Smolders

Boeck

Blust

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

113

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“…WET and similar toxicity tests integrate interactions among complex mixtures of contaminants (Chapman 2000;Wharfe 2004;Wharfe et al 2004). They measure the total toxic effect, regardless of physical and chemical composition (Chapman 2000), being considered effective tools for predicting instream impacts induced by different kinds of contamination sources (Ausley 2000;de Vlaming et al 2000;Diamond and Daley 2000;Hutchings et al 2004). Notwithstanding, similar procedures have already been applied in bioassays with sediment elutriates to evaluate their toxicity (Cheung et al 1997;Pardos et al 1998;Wong et al 1999;Baun et al 2002;Müller et al 2002), as sediment acts as a sink of contaminants, which can be exchanged between the sediment and the aqueous phase due to disposal, stormwater runoff and water turbulence (Ankley et al 1991;Mucha et al 2003), which is likely to occur during the drainage of rice fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris Affected by Environmental Samples from a Rice Field?

Marques

Abrantes

Figueiredo

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Rice fields represent important production rates in Portugal. However, the intensive soil management and the exploitation of agrochemicals may pose a threat to nontarget organisms. Hence, the present work regards the toxicity screening of surface waters and sediment elutriates collected during the drainage of fields in the vicinity of a rice paddy (Quinta do Seminário, Soure, Portugal): 1. in River Pranto (RP), the river from which the field irrigation water is canalized; 2. inside the rice paddy, from the main drainage channel -Vala de Enxugo (VE). For that purpose, it was used a combination of physicochemical analyses and bioassays with two green algae species -Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris. The chemical screening showed an apparent absence of xenobiotics in sediment samples, while no pesticides were found within the chemical contaminants detected in water samples. The nutrient load reflected low levels of inorganic contamination. Bioassays revealed that P. subcapitata was more sensitive to the overall physico-chemical conditions in natural samples than C. vulgaris, being its growth inhibited under water samples from both sites. On a whole, water samples, mainly those from the main irrigation/drainage channel of the rice fields (VE), were more deleterious to microalgae than those from RP or any of the elutriates.

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“…For regulatory purposes, whole effluent toxicity assessment methods have been proposed to estimate the risk of effluents discharged in freshwater streams (e.g., at Pellston Workshops [1] and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [2]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single‐species bioassays are often used to identify effluent hazard but not to identify risk: These tests provide data only for the first step of risk assessment [4]. To thoroughly assess environmental impacts, specific chemical approaches, bioaccumulation assessments, and field population surveys can be used to complement the results of bioassays [1]. This collective approach constitutes the basis of the regulatory procedures of effluent hazard assessment in both the United States and Canada [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of whole effluent toxicity on aquatic snails: Bioaccumulation of Cr, Zn, and Fe, and individual effects in bioassays

Cœurdassier¹,

Vaufleury²,

Crini³

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We used a freshwater gastropod, Lymnaea palustris, in chronic bioassays to assess the toxicity of an industrial effluent containing high levels of metals, particularly Cr, Zn, and Fe. Adult snails were exposed for four weeks to different concentrations of effluent sampled at three successive treatment steps (crude effluent, effluent after physicochemical treatment, and after biological treatment). Dose-dependent responses reflecting exposure (metal bioaccumulation) and effects on survival, fecundity, and malondialdehyde production (a proxy for oxidative stress) were investigated. We found that Cr and Zn were accumulated in snail tissues, whereas Fe was regulated. Body concentrations of Cr and Zn decreased along the effluent-treatment gradient, particularly after the physicochemical treatment. For controls versus treatments, no effect on malondialdehyde production was detected. Significant effects were noted for fecundity. The number of eggs per individual decreased for snails exposed to 20, 30, and 40% concentrations of physicochemically treated effluent and for snails exposed to an 80% concentration of the biologically treated effluent. A hormetic effect on the number of eggs per individual was observed for snails exposed to 10 and 20% concentrations of the effluent that had been biologically treated. Deleterious effects of the effluent on L. palustris fecundity were not correlated with high internal concentrations of metals in the snails, suggesting that toxicity resulted from other factors.

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Reflection on whole effluent toxicity: The Pellston workshops

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

Changes in cellular energy budget as a measure of whole effluent toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Changes in cellular energy budget as a measure of whole effluent toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Are Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris Affected by Environmental Samples from a Rice Field?

Assessment of whole effluent toxicity on aquatic snails: Bioaccumulation of Cr, Zn, and Fe, and individual effects in bioassays

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