Reflectance spectroscopic and geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbon microseepage-induced sediments from Assam–Arakan Fold Belt, India: Implications to hydrocarbon exploration

Abstract

Long term hydrocarbon microseepages create a reducing environment on the surface rocks and sediments, which induces an array of mineralogical alterations. Among these alterations, the reduction of ferric iron minerals to ferrous iron minerals and precipitation of clay and carbonates are signi cant. Several studies have been carried out to characterize these hydrocarbon induced rocks/sediments. Almost all these studies have been carried out for arid to semi-arid climatic regions. The present study attempts to characterize the geochemical properties of the hydrocarbon induced sediments in part of Assam-Arakan Fold Belt (AAFB), NE India characterized by heavy rainfall.Re ectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray uorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma emission -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) studies have been carried out on the sediments. The re ectance spectroscopy reveals that microseepage-induced sediments have higher clay content and lesser ferric iron mineral content. Geochemical indices also suggest that the hydrocarbon-affected sediments are relatively more altered than the unaffected ones. Studies of trace element patterns indicate that the hydrocarbon-induced sediments are enriched in average Be, V, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, and Mo and are depleted in Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Rb, Sr, Sc, and Y. The normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns are the same for both the microseepage affected and unaffected sediments though the microseepage-induced sediments are slightly depleted in the REEs. The present study, thus, points out that the hydrocarbon microseepage-induced alterations are also evident in the high precipitation terrains though the alteration levels are less pronounced than that of the arid to semi-arid climatic regions due to abundant surface and groundwater which mobilize the minerals/elements from the microseepage system and tries to homogenize the compositions.