“…Waste reduction is typically accomplished through the reduction of dysfunctional variability and non-value-added activities with the help of various operational instruments and tools to (i) specify value in terms of the customer (kano-analysis: Lin, Yang, Chan, & Sheu, 2010;Ward, Liker, Cristiano, & Sobek, 1995), (ii) map the value stream -and eliminate non-value-added tasks (e.g. value stream mapping : Tyagi, Choudhary, Cai, & Yang, 2015), (iii) create continuous, singlepiece flow wherever possible; (iv) only flow a product when a customer pulls it (with the help of a kanban system or a two-bin system for instance : Landry & Beaulieu, 2010) and (v) seek perfection through CI (Spear & Bowen, 1999;Womack & Jones, 1996;Womack, Jones, & Roos, 1990).…”