Refinement on the Way Towards Replacement: Are We Doing What We Can?

Herrmann, Klaus

doi:10.1163/9789004391192_002

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…But although there is a globally recognized need to replace animal use in toxicology and regulatory testing whenever possible (Balls, 2007;Hartung, 2009;Stephens and Mak, 2013), this is not yet the case in basic and applied research, where most of the animals are used (Daneshian et al, 2015;EC, 2011). Consequently, the value of animal models for biomedial research should be critically appraised by means of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and citation analyses (e.g., Carvalho et al, 2019;Hartung, 2013;Herrmann, 2019a;Knight, 2019;Pound et al, 2004). Also, with regards to research funding strategies and prioritization, assessing return on investment with meaningful indicators is key to enable an assessment of the impact that publicly Thus, the "high-fidelity fallacy" is the unfounded belief that, say, a mouse would be a good predictor of the human situation in a given context because both mice and humans are mammals.…”

Section: Prioritizing Biomedical Research As the Target Of Non-animal Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Without knowledge of these methods, scientists cannot adopt them, funding agencies cannot create programs to fund them, ethical review committees cannot ask why they are not employed in a given protocol, and so forth. Consequently, knowledge-sharing through education and training plays a central role in achieving the move away from animal experiments and towards human-biology based research methodologies (Daneshian et al, 2011;Herrmann, 2019a;Holley et al, 2016). Here we address the narrow but far-reaching issue of educating future and early-career scientists on these issues.…”

Section: Increasing Awareness Dissemination and Education On Non-animal Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond the 3Rs: Expanding the use of human-relevant replacement methods in biomedical research

Herrmann

Pistollato

Stephens

2019

ALTEX

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20 th century. Relevant techniques include (among others) organson-a-chip (microdevices containing cells and fluids intended to simulate physiological processes in organs); organoids (three-dimensional spheroids containing multiple cell types and intended to simulate physiological processes); high-throughput systems (rapid screening of large numbers of chemicals for biological activity against panels of different cells or biomolecules); induced pluripotent stem cells (adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state); and computational modeling (using computation to study the behavior of complex systems).In our view, these methods (and no doubt others in various stages of development) have the potential to replace the use of animals as the default option in both safety testing and biomedical research. That is, these methods will come to comprise the rule, with animal experiments being the exception. This is consistent with Dutch efforts to expeditiously end animal experi- IntroductionThe Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, the landmark book that gave us the 3Rs framework of replacement, reduction, and refinement, turns 60 this year. First published in 1959, Principles was the outcome of a project spearheaded by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), overseen by a committee that included future Nobel Prize-winning scientist Peter Medawar, and carried out by the British scientists William Russell and Rex Burch (Russell and Burch, 1959). The 3Rs framework helped to inspire and guide humane progress in experimental technique during the second half of the 20 th century and beyond (Stephens and Mak, 2013;Balls et al., 2019).The 60 th anniversary of Principles falls in the midst of substantial developments in non-animal methods, i.e., potential replacement technology. Indeed, scientific experimentation is at the cusp of a new era of techniques hardly imagined in the mid-Food for Thought …

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Section: Prioritizing Biomedical Research As the Target Of Non-animal Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Increasing Awareness Dissemination and Education On Non-animal Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the 3Rs: Expanding the use of human-relevant replacement methods in biomedical research

Herrmann

Pistollato

Stephens

2019

ALTEX

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“…Thus, we can see how the fact that it is often difficult to prove that alternatives exist practically reduces the application of the 3Rs to two, namely, reduction of animals involved and refinement, i.e., applying all methods and means to reduce pain, distress, harm, and suffering (see Herrmann, 2019, Chapter 1 in this Volume). However, simply living under laboratory conditions is distressing for the animals and raises ethical questions.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is true in the context of the RP as well. If committee members show too much empathy for animals, they are at risk of being charged with anthropomorphism; they may be accused of being unprofessional if they get angry about something that may very well deserve an angry response, such as the general sloppiness of an application; the lack of standard forms of refinement (Herrmann, 2019, Chapter 1 in this Volume); or even the presence of a palpable contempt for the RP itself. For members who are asked to repress or ignore such emotional responses, this can lead to self-censorship and alienation from the process.…”

Section: Emotions In Inquiry and The Case For Moral Doubt In Ethical mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Plausibility Checks: A Case for Moral Doubt in Review Processes of Animal Experimentation

Cojocaru¹,

Gall²

2019

Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change

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Introduction: "Don't Be Emotional, Let's Focus on the Facts"The fact that countries all over the world continue to develop new regulations for experimentation on non-human animals testament that this practice raises many doubts. Our aim in this chapter is to show that one important type of doubt should receive more attention: a particular type of moral doubt that could play a pivotal role in the ethical review of animal experiments. We assume that there are a range of emotions that indicate morally complex or problematic situations. When one or all of these emotions are experienced, we say that someone is experiencing moral doubt. To illustrate this point, we introduce the concept of moral doubt in the context of review processes, as they are legally required in the European Union (eu). Independent evaluation committees review animal research proposals to advise competent authorities whether applications for animal experiments comply with the legal standards. We chose the case of Germany as an example to explain what these committees decide upon and the degree to which their decisions may be influenced by emotions. We develop the argument that acknowledging emotional moral doubt throughout the review process, in specific ways, may have the positive effect of fostering paradigm change in animal experimentation, as envisioned in Directive 2010/63/EU (European Parliament, 2010).Mara-Daria Cojocaru and Philipp von Gall -9789004391192 Downloaded from Brill.com08/09/2020 05:54:45PM via free access

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“…From these studies and the general critical literature on animal experimentation (e.g. Herrmann and Jayne, 2019; Linzey and Linzey, 2018; Pound, 2023) it seems clear that the analysis of the interest groups may be a fruitful one, producing relevant results that increase our knowledge of how discourse about other animals is negotiated by institutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Illusory authenticity: Negotiating compassion in animal experimentation discourse

Almiron,

Fernández,

Rodrigo-Alsina

2024

Discourse Studies

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Society’s compassion towards nonhuman animals used in experimentation has grown exponentially. This paper adopts critical discourse analysis to examine how the animal experimentation industry negotiates this societal moral response. To this end, the discourse of the largest animal experimentation interest group in Spain has been studied. Our findings show that the industry, as represented by this interest group, does not negotiate compassion with authenticity but rather creates an illusion of it through opportunistic lexical choices and suppressions, including contradictions and incongruities. We conclude by defining such a discourse as illusory authenticity, a discourse with which the industry conveniently frames itself as altruistic and concerned about animal suffering while at the same time discouraging the public’s cultivation of compassion towards nonhuman animal suffering. This is done by means of perpetuating a logic that frames nonhuman animals as inferior beings whose existence is at the service of humanity.

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Refinement on the Way Towards Replacement: Are We Doing What We Can?

Abstract: This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication.

Cited by 13 publications

References 202 publications

Beyond the 3Rs: Expanding the use of human-relevant replacement methods in biomedical research

Beyond the 3Rs: Expanding the use of human-relevant replacement methods in biomedical research

Beyond Plausibility Checks: A Case for Moral Doubt in Review Processes of Animal Experimentation

Illusory authenticity: Negotiating compassion in animal experimentation discourse

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