Refined assessment of heavy metal-associated health risk due to the consumption of traditional animal medicines in humans

Zuo, Teng; Li, Yaolei; He, Huaizhen; Jin, Haiyan; Zhang, Lei; Sun, Lei; Gao, Fei; Wang, Qi; Shen, Yuanjun; Ma, Shuang‐Cheng; He, Langchong

doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7270-1

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The expressions used to calculate the frequency of exposure are as follows:

where EDI max is the maximum estimated daily intake of heavy metals under the carcinogenic risk limit, Risk l is the acceptable carcinogenic risk criteria (1.00 × 10 −4 ), and SF represents safe factor, which is the ratio of TCM to total food. It is suggested that the value of SF is 13.3% ( Zuo et al, 2019 ). According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (ChP), the maximum recommended daily intake ( RDI ) of Pheretima is 10 g/d, and the maximum metal concentration limit ( C l ) in Pheretima is 30 mg/kg.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have used a deterministic method to assess the health risk of heavy metals in TCM but ignored the uncertainty of the concentration of heavy metals and various exposure parameters. For instance, Zuo et al (2019) evaluated the risk of heavy metals in traditional animal medicines using a deterministic health risk assessment method and then found that the cancer risk of As exceeded the acceptable lifetime risk in Pheretima . However, some limitations of the current studies need to be acknowledged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Earthworms are known to accumulate inorganic contaminants from the soil; they are also used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) called Pheretima, which might cause safety problems with long-term exposure. Here, this study was conducted to determine and analyze the level of heavy metal contamination such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in Pheretima and then explore the probabilistic health risks caused by 8 heavy metals in 98 batches of Pheretima using Monte Carlo simulation. A risk assessment strategy was conducted to assess heavy metal–associated health risk of Pheretima based on consumption data. For random consumption sampling, the results found that the non-carcinogenic risk of As is higher than the acceptable level, and the carcinogenic risk levels of As and Cr exceeded the acceptable risk recommended by the USEPA. Cr and As were regarded as the priority metals for risk control in the present study. Finally, it was recommended that the dosing frequency should be less than 24 d/y. In general, this study conducted a probabilistic risk assessment of heavy metals in Pheretima, which would be of significance for policy makers to take effective strategies to improve the quality and safety of Pheretima.

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“…The expressions used to calculate the frequency of exposure are as follows:

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…The digestion solution was then diluted to 50.0 mL with Milli-Q water. The Cd contents were analyzed based on our reported methods (Zuo et al 2019) using the Agilent 7700X ICP-MS. For quality assurance, blanks and duplicates were carried out during the determination process. The internal standard In (m/z 115) was added to the blanks, calibration standards, and samples to compensate for the signal drift and matrix effects.…”

Section: Determination Of the Total CD Concentrations Via Icp-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chronic exposure to excessive Cd can induce a series of adverse effects on humans, including inflammatory infiltration, obstructive pulmonary disease, reproductive deficiencies, kidney dysfunction, necrosis of hepatocytes, diabetes, osteoporosis, and fractures (Ngo et al 2012;Chen et al 2014;Zhang et al 2014;Khafaga et al 2019). Previous studies have reported that the content of Cd in TAMs was of great concern (Zuo et al 2019). The ingestion of TAMs contaminated by Cd through food chains causes the accumulation of this toxin in human organisms, posing potential health risks to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel bioavailability-based risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches utilizing in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells

Zuo

Luo

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In the present study, the oral bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in earthworms and leeches was investigated through in vitro physiologically based extraction test (PBET) digestion/Caco2 and MDKC cell models. We are the first to create an innovative assessment strategy which has capacity to offer a more precise evaluation of Cd-associated health risks in traditional animal medicines (TAMs), by combinational usage of bioavailable Cd levels, the duration and frequency of the exposure to TAMs obtained by questionnaire data, as well as safety factor of TAMs. Our data showed that the percentage of bioavailability for Caco-2 cells in earthworms and leeches ranged from 3.29 to 14.17% and 4.32 to 12.61%, respectively. The percentage of bioavailability of MDCK cells in earthworms and leeches ranged from 4.83 to 15.74% and 6.53 to 15.04%, respectively. After adjusting by the bioavailability of Cd to target hazard quotient (THQ), excitingly, our findings manifested that the health risks induced by the ingestion of earthworms and leeches were acceptable in the clinic. Our key findings suggest that bioavailability characterization cannot be ruled out and health risks should be assessed on the basis of the bioavailable Cd levels rather than total levels. Our novel strategy provides insight into the bio-accumulation of Cd in organisms as well as a more realistic and accurate assessment of Cdassociated health risks in TAMs, with the main purpose of improving public health by scientifically using TAMs. Highlights• Oral bioavailability of Cd in traditional animal medicines (TAMs) was investigated. • In vitro PBET digestion/Caco2 and MDKC cell models were developed suited to the matrix of TAMs. • A novel health risk assessment model for TAMs was created through bioavailability characterization.

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“…Chronic exposure to excessive Cd can induce a series of adverse effects on humans, including obstructive pulmonary disease, reproductive de ciencies, kidney dysfunction, diabetes, osteoporosis, and fractures (Ngo et al, 2012;Chen et al, 2014;Zhang et al 2014). Previous studies have reported that the content of Cd in TAMs was of great concern (Zuo et al, 2019). The ingestion of TAMs contaminated by Cd through food chains causes the accumulation of this toxin in human organisms, posing potential health risks to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches based on bioavailability through in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells

Zuo

Luo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Little data are available about the extent of bio-accumulation of heavy metals in traditional animal medicines (TAMs). In the present study, the oral bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in earthworms and leeches was investigated through in vitro PBET digestion/Caco2 and MDKC cell models. We are the first to create an innovative assessment strategy which has capacity to offer a more precise evaluation of Cd-associated health risks in TAMs, by combinational usage of bioavailable Cd levels, the duration and frequency of the exposure to TAMs obtained by questionnaire data, as well as safety factor of TAMs. Our data showed that the percentage of bioavailability for Caco-2 cells in earthworms and leeches ranged from 3.29–14.17% and 4.32–12.61%, respectively. The percentage of bioavailability of MDCK cells in earthworms and leeches ranged from 4.83–15.74% and 6.53–15.04%, respectively. After adjusting by the bioavailability of Cd to target hazard quotient (THQ), excitingly, our findings manifested that the health risks induced by the ingestion of earthworms and leeches were acceptable in the clinic. Our novel strategy has capacity to offer a more realistic and accurate assessment of Cd-associated health risks in TAMs. Besides, our key findings suggest that bioavailability characterization cannot be ruled out and health risks should be assessed on the basis of the bioavailable Cd levels rather than total levels.

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Refined assessment of heavy metal-associated health risk due to the consumption of traditional animal medicines in humans

Cited by 27 publications

References 36 publications

Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China

Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China

Novel bioavailability-based risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches utilizing in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells

Novel risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches based on bioavailability through in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells

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Refined assessment of heavy metal-associated health risk due to the consumption of traditional animal medicines in humans

Cited by 27 publications

References 36 publications

Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China

Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China

Novel bioavailability-based risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches utilizing in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells

Novel risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches based on bioavailability&nbsp;through&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells

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Novel risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches based on bioavailability through in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells