Reference Values of Urinary 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol in the Italian Population—Validation of Analytical Method and Preliminary Results (Multicentric Study)

Aprea, Cristina; Betta, Alberto; Catenacci, G; Lotti, Andrea; Magnaghi, Silvana; Barisano, Angelo; Passini, Valter; Pavan, I; Sciarra, Gianfranco; Vitalone, Vincenzo; Minoia, Claudio

doi:10.1093/jaoac/82.2.305

Cited by 46 publications

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“…Urinary 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), is a major metabolite of chlorpyrifos ( Figure 1) in humans (Nolan et al, 1984a) and has been used to evaluate chlorpyrifos exposure (Chang et al, 1996, Hunter et al, 1999, Aprea et al, 1999. Several analytical methods have been developed to analyse chlorpyrifos and TCP in biological fluids (Aprea et al, 1999, Kawashaki et al, 1992, Bartels and Kastl, 1992, Brzak et al, 1998, usually by liquid-liquid extraction, followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Alternatively, the combination of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS) allows direct analysis of TCP in prepared urine extracts without derivatisation (Sancho et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers in Vietnam

et al. 2012

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Chlorpyrifos is the most common organophosphate insecticide registered for use in Vietnam and is widely used in agriculture, particularly rice farming. However, chlorpyrifos exposure to and adverse effects on farmers has not been evaluated. In this study, biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure in a group of rice farmers was conducted after a typical application event using back-pack spraying. Urine samples (24 h) were collected from the rice farmers before and post insecticide application. Samples were analysed for 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, using an enzymatic pre-treatment before extraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Absorbed Daily Dose (ADD) of chlorpyrifos for farmers were then estimated from urinary TCP levels, expressed as μg g(-1)creatinine. The analytical method for urinary TCP had a low detection limit (0.6 μg L(-1)), acceptable recovery values (80-114%), and low relative percentage differences in duplicate and repeated samples. Post-application chlorpyrifos ADD of farmers varied from 0.4 to 94.2 μg kg(-1) (body weight) d(-1) with a mean of 19.4 μg kg(-1) d(-1) which was approximately 80-fold higher than the mean baseline exposure level (0.24 μg kg(-1) d(-1)). Hazard Quotients (ratio of the mean ADD for rice farmers to acute oral reference dose) calculated using acute oral reference doses recommended by United States and Australian agencies varied from 2.1 (Australian NRA), 4.2 (US EPA) to 6.9 (ATSDR). Biological monitoring using HPLC-MS/MS analysis of urinary TCP (24 h) was found to be an effective method for measuring chlorpyrifos exposure among farmers. This case study found that Vietnamese rice farmers had relatively high exposures to chlorpyrifos after application, which were likely to have adverse health effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers in Vietnam

et al. 2012

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“…Urinary biomarkers of pesticides and their metabolites have been used to characterize body burden levels for adult populations as well as trends over time in the United States (7,8) and Europe (9). Under FQPA, organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and carbamates are subject to increased scrutiny because they are used widely in agricultural and residential settings and they inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for proper functioning of the nervous system (10).…”

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Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample.

Adgate

Barr

Clayton

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

165

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The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study is a probability-based sample of 102 children 3-13 years old who were monitored for commonly used pesticides. During the summer of 1997, first-morning-void urine samples (1-3 per child) were obtained for 88% of study children and analyzed for metabolites of insecticides and herbicides: carbamates and related compounds (1-NAP), atrazine (AM), malathion (MDA), and chlorpyrifos and related compounds (TCPy). TCPy was present in 93% of the samples, whereas 1-NAP, MDA, and AM were detected in 45%, 37%, and 2% of samples, respectively. Measured intrachild means ranged from 1.4 microg/L for MDA to 9.2 microg/L for TCPy, and there was considerable intrachild variability. For children providing three urine samples, geometric mean TCPy levels were greater than the detection limit in 98% of the samples, and nearly half the children had geometric mean 1-NAP and MDA levels greater than the detection limit. Interchild variability was significantly greater than intrachild variability for 1-NAP (p = 0.0037) and TCPy (p < 0.0001). The four metabolites measured were not correlated within urine samples, and children's metabolite levels did not vary systematically by sex, age, race, household income, or putative household pesticide use. On a log scale, mean TCPy levels were significantly higher in urban than in nonurban children (7.2 vs. 4.7 microg/L; p = 0.036). Weighted population mean concentrations were 3.9 [standard error (SE) = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5, 5.3] microg/L for 1-NAP, 1.7 (SE = 0.3; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.3) microg/L for MDA, and 9.6 (SE = 0.9; 95% CI, 7.8, 11) microg/L for TCPy. The weighted population results estimate the overall mean and variability of metabolite levels for more than 84,000 children in the census tracts sampled. Levels of 1-NAP were lower than reported adult reference range concentrations, whereas TCPy concentrations were substantially higher. Concentrations of MDA were detected more frequently and found at higher levels in children than in a recent nonprobability-based sample of adults. Overall, Minnesota children's TCPy and MDA levels were higher than in recent population-based studies of adults in the United States, but the relative magnitude of intraindividual variability was similar for adults and children.

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Measurement of Children's Exposure to Pesticides: Analysis of Urinary Metabolite Levels in a Probability-Based Sample

Adgate¹,

Barr²,

Clayton³

et al. 2001

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study is a probability-based sample of 102 children 3-13 years old who were monitored for commonly used pesticides. During the summer of 1997, first-morning-void urine samples (1-3 per child) were obtained for 88% of study children and analyzed for metabolites of insecticides and herbicides: carbamates and related compounds (1-NAP), atrazine (AM), malathion (MDA), and chlorpyrifos and related compounds (TCPy). TCPy was present in 93% of the samples, whereas 1-NAP, MDA, and AM were detected in 45%, 37%, and 2% of samples, respectively. Measured intrachild means ranged from 1.4 µg/L for MDA to 9.2 µg/L for TCPy, and there was considerable intrachild variability. For children providing three urine samples, geometric mean TCPy levels were greater than the detection limit in 98% of the samples, and nearly half the children had geometric mean 1-NAP and MDA levels greater than the detection limit. Interchild variability was significantly greater than intrachild variability for 1-NAP (p = 0.0037) and TCPy (p < 0.0001). The four metabolites measured were not correlated within urine samples, and children's metabolite levels did not vary systematically by sex, age, race, household income, or putative household pesticide use. On a log scale, mean TCPy levels were significantly higher in urban than in nonurban children (7.2 vs. 4.7 µg/L; p = 0.036). Weighted population mean concentrations were 3.9 [standard error (SE) = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5, 5.3] µg/L for 1-NAP, 1.7 (SE = 0.3; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.3) µg/L for MDA, and 9.6 (SE = 0.9; 95% CI, 7.8, 11) µg/L for TCPy. The weighted population results estimate the overall mean and variability of metabolite levels for more than 84,000 children in the census tracts sampled. Levels of 1-NAP were lower than reported adult reference range concentrations, whereas TCPy concentrations were substantially higher. Concentrations of MDA were detected more frequently and found at higher levels in children than in a recent nonprobability-based sample of adults. Overall, Minnesota children's TCPy and MDA levels were higher than in recent population-based studies of adults in the United States, but the relative magnitude of intraindividual variability was similar for adults and children.

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Reference Values of Urinary 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol in the Italian Population—Validation of Analytical Method and Preliminary Results (Multicentric Study)

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers in Vietnam

Biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers in Vietnam

Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample.

Measurement of Children's Exposure to Pesticides: Analysis of Urinary Metabolite Levels in a Probability-Based Sample

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