Reference values of mechanical and thermal pain tests in a pain‐free population

Neziri, Alban Y.; Scaramozzino, Pasquale; Andersen, Ole Kæseler; Dickenson, Anthony H.; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Curatolo, Michele

doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.08.011

Cited by 159 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Neziri et al, 1996). In contrast, there is evidence that obesity affects latency to respond to thermal stimulation either as a result of obesity mediated inflammatory responses or thermal sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tCarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) thermal lasers have previously been validated for the assessment of nociception in cats. This experiment sought to assess the potential impact of factors associated with age, sex, body weight and sterilisation upon nociceptive threshold as measured by latency to display a behavioural response. Cats (N = 113) were exposed to a CO2 thermal laser three times during a 45-60 min test period depending upon the interval between tests. A minimum of 15 min elapsed between consecutive tests on any one individual. Time to display either a skin twitch or withdrawal was measured. Intra-class correlations showed the three measurements to be repeatable across tests for any given cat (ICC = 0.482; P < 0.001). Males had a significantly longer mean latency to respond than females (14.83 s and 12.59 s respectively; P = 0.028). Analyses of co-variance established that the body weight of females significantly affected response threshold (P = 0.013) but for males this effect was marginal (P = 0.058). All other factors included in the analyses were non-significant. A post hoc ttest for males and females with overlapping body weights found no significant differences between the sexes (P = 0.721). The precise reason for the effect of body weight on latency to respond is unknown and further exploration is needed particularly as it relates to subcutaneous fat deposition and skin temperature. It is concluded that, for cats, the body weight of the subject should be standardised or included in any analyses for assessment of nociception. Inclusion of body weight data in analyses may also prove useful when using a CO2 laser protocol in other species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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“…Then they were given 48 hour to consider participation before a formal invitation to enrol in the study was made. Block randomisation was used to allocate equal numbers of women and men into the study because there is evidence of gender differences in response to cold-pressor pain [17,18]. There was no restriction on ethnicity although this was recorded.…”

Section: Recruitment Of Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into enlarging and reducing the size of mirror reflections of the hand on experimentally-induced cold-pressor pain in healthy human participants

Johnson

Gohil

2016

Scandinavian Journal of Pain

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AbstractBackground and aimsMirror visual feedback may be a useful clinical tool for reducing pain. Research suggests that reducing the size of a non-painful reflected hand can alleviate complex regional pain syndrome in the affected hand that is out of view. In contrast, research on healthy humans exposed to experimentally induced pain suggests that reducing the appearance of the size of a reflected body part can increase pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enlarging and reducing the visual appearance of the size of a hand using mirror visual feedback on pain threshold, intensity and tolerance in healthy human participants exposed to cold-pressor pain.MethodsParticipants were a convenience sample of 20 unpaid, healthy pain free volunteers aged 18 years or above. Each participant took part in one experiment where they completed cold-pressor pain tests whilst observing normal, enlarged and reduced size reflections of a hand congruent to a hand immersed in the ice cold water. A 4 × 2 factorial repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on time to pain threshold and pain tolerance, and pain intensity with Condition (four levels: no reflection, reduced reflection, normal reflection, enlarged reflection) being the within-subject factors and Sex (two levels: female, male) between-subject factors.ResultsThere were no significant effects for Condition, Sex, or Condition × Sex interaction for pain threshold, intensity or tolerance (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 3 mirror reflection conditions for agreement with the statements: “It felt like I was looking directly at my hand rather than at a mirror image”; “It felt like the hand I was looking at was my hand”; and “Did it seem like the hand you saw was a right hand or a left hand?”. ConclusionEnlarging or reducing the size of a hand using mirror visual feedback did not alter pain perception in healthy human participants exposed to cold-pressor pain. The different sizes of hands generated by mirror visual feedback created an illusion of looking at their own hand but this was not as strong as looking directly at the hand.ImplicationsIn future, investigators and clinicians using mirror visual feedback may consider including an adaptive phase to ensure the reflection has been perceptually embodied. Reasons for the lack of effects are explored to inspire further research in the field.

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“…morphine, kappa-agonists, oxycodone, rofecoxib, tramadol, codeine, imipramine, ketamine) and recently reference values have been published. 69 Automated pressure algometers are used in the most advanced laboratories as they are user-independent. The pressure is increased at a pre-defined rate for each assessment.…”

Section: Assessing Muscle Hyperalgesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic aspects of musculoskeletal pain: from acute to chronic pain

Arendt-Nielsen

Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas

Graven‐Nielsen

2011

Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy

134

114

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The transition from acute to chronic musculoskeletal pain is not well understood. To understand this transition, it is important to know how peripheral and central sensitization are manifested and how they can be assessed. A variety of human pain biomarkers have been developed to quantify localized and widespread musculoskeletal pain. In addition, human surrogate models may be used to induce sensitization in otherwise healthy volunteers. Pain can arise from different musculoskeletal structures (e.g. muscles, joints, ligaments, or tendons), and differentiating the origin of pain from those different structures is a challenge. Tissue specific pain biomarkers can be used to tease these different aspects. Chronic musculoskeletal pain patients in general show signs of local/central sensitization and spread of pain to degrees which correlate to pain intensity and duration. From a management perspective, it is therefore highly important to reduce pain intensity and try to minimize the duration of pain.

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Reference values of mechanical and thermal pain tests in a pain‐free population

Cited by 159 publications

References 63 publications

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

An investigation into enlarging and reducing the size of mirror reflections of the hand on experimentally-induced cold-pressor pain in healthy human participants

Basic aspects of musculoskeletal pain: from acute to chronic pain

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