Reference values of fecal calgranulin C (S100A12) in school aged children and adolescents

Heida, Anke; Kobold, Anneke C. Muller; Wagenmakers, Lucie; Belt, K. van de; Rheenen, Patrick F. van

doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0152

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…This fraction is similar to the fraction of the reference population (5%) that would be expected to have a fecal S100A12 concentration above the upper limit of the reference interval established by using the central 95th percentile [ 35 ]. Also, the upper limit of the reference interval of 745 ng/g in dogs is almost identical to that recently reported for children (750 ng/g) [ 36 ], suggesting that fecal S100A12 concentrations in dogs are comparable to those in people. As opposed to rodents [ 21 ], the S100A12 protein is encoded in the canine genome [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Effect of selected gastrointestinal parasites and viral agents on fecal S100A12 concentrations in puppies as a potential comparative model

Heilmann

Grellet²,

Grützner

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundPrevious data suggest that fecal S100A12 has clinical utility as a biomarker of chronic gastrointestinal inflammation (idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease) in both people and dogs, but the effect of gastrointestinal pathogens on fecal S100A12 concentrations is largely unknown. The role of S100A12 in parasite and viral infections is also difficult to study in traditional animal models due to the lack of S100A12 expression in rodents. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate fecal S100A12 concentrations in a cohort of puppies with intestinal parasites (Cystoisospora spp., Toxocara canis, Giardia sp.) and viral agents that are frequently encountered and known to cause gastrointestinal signs in dogs (coronavirus, parvovirus) as a comparative model.MethodsSpot fecal samples were collected from 307 puppies [median age (range): 7 (4−13) weeks; 29 different breeds] in French breeding kennels, and fecal scores (semiquantitative system; scores 1−13) were assigned. Fecal samples were tested for Cystoisospora spp. (C. canis and C. ohioensis), Toxocara canis, Giardia sp., as well as canine coronavirus (CCV) and parvovirus (CPV). S100A12 concentrations were measured in all fecal samples using an in-house radioimmunoassay. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric 2-group or multiple-group comparisons, non-parametric correlation analysis, association testing between nominal variables, and construction of a multivariate mixed model.ResultsFecal S100A12 concentrations ranged from < 24−14,363 ng/g. Univariate analysis only showed increased fecal S100A12 concentrations in dogs shedding Cystoisospora spp. (P = 0.0384) and in dogs infected with parvovirus (P = 0.0277), whereas dogs infected with coronavirus had decreased fecal S100A12 concentrations (P = 0.0345). However, shedding of any single enteropathogen did not affect fecal S100A12 concentrations in multivariate analysis (all P > 0.05) in this study. Only fecal score and breed size had an effect on fecal S100A12 concentrations in multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsAn infection with any single enteropathogen tested in this study is unlikely to alter fecal S100A12 concentrations, and these preliminary data are important for further studies evaluating fecal S100A12 concentrations in dogs or when using fecal S100A12 concentrations as a biomarker in patients with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal inflammation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Effect of selected gastrointestinal parasites and viral agents on fecal S100A12 concentrations in puppies as a potential comparative model

Heilmann

Grellet²,

Grützner

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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“…This study was a retrospectively planned secondary analysis of prospectively collected data. We used stool samples from a community-based cohort of healthy children (‘controls’) aged 5–19 years5 and from children with chronic abdominal pain and diarrhoea (‘cases’) aged 6–18 years 6…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On arrival, samples were stored at −80°C until further analysis. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in the published study protocol 5…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No association between abdominal pain and Dientamoeba in Dutch and Belgian children

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveTo study the association between Dientamoebafragilis colonisation and faecal calprotectin to see whether the parasite is a harmless commensal or a gut pathogen.DesignCross-sectional study of previously collected stool samples.Setting and patientsTwo hundred stool samples originated from children aged 5–19 years with chronic abdominal pain and diarrhoea, who were seen in paediatric clinics in the Netherlands and Belgium and in whom somatic gastrointestinal disorders were excluded. Another 122 samples came from a healthy community-based reference population of the same age. All stool samples were analysed with real-time PCR for the detection of D. fragilis and with an ELISA for calprotectin—a biomarker of gastrointestinal inflammation.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of D. fragilis colonisation and results of stool calprotectin testing.ResultsD. fragilis was detected in 45% (95% CI 38% to 51%) of patients and in 71% (95% CI 63% to 79%) of healthy children. Median (IQR) concentrations of calprotectin in patients and healthy children with a positive PCR result were not different from those with a negative PCR result (40 (40–55) μg/g vs 40 (40–75) μg/g, respectively).ConclusionSince D. fragilis colonisation is most prevalent in healthy children and is not associated with an increase in faecal calprotectin concentration, our data do not support the inference that D. fragilis is a pathogenic parasite. Routinely testing for D. fragilis in children with chronic abdominal pain should therefore be discouraged.

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“…The extraction and measuring technique of calgranulin-C was previously described in detail. 13 In discordant pairs (ie, increased calprotectin and normal calgranulin-C, or vice versa), we did a post hoc analysis of potential viral causes (adeno, entero, astro, rota, noro, parecho and sapovirus). Laboratory technicians were blinded for symptoms filled in on the website.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting inflammatory bowel disease in children with abdominal pain and diarrhoea: calgranulin-C versus calprotectin stool tests

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveCalgranulin-C (S100A12) is a new faecal marker of inflammation that is potentially more specific for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than calprotectin, since it is only released by activated granulocytes. We compared calgranulin-C and calprotectin to see which of the two tests best predicted IBD in children with chronic abdominal pain and diarrhoea.DesignDelayed-type cross-sectional diagnostic study.Setting and patientsPreviously undiagnosed patients aged 6–17 years, who were seen in paediatric clinics in the Netherlands and Belgium, sent in a stool sample for analysis. Patients with a high likelihood of IBD underwent upper and lower endoscopy (ie, preferred reference test), while those with a low likelihood were followed for 6 months for latent IBD to become visible (ie, alternative reference test). We used Bayesian modelling to correct for differential verification bias.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome was the specificity for IBD using predefined test thresholds (calgranulin-C: 0.75 µg/g, calprotectin: 50 µg/g). Secondary outcome was the test accuracy with thresholds based on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.ResultsIBD was diagnosed in 93 of 337 patients. Calgranulin-C had significantly better specificity than calprotectin when predefined thresholds were used (97% (95% credible interval (CI) 94% to 99%) vs 71% (95% CI 63% to 79%), respectively). When ROC-based thresholds were used (calgranulin-C: 0.75 µg/g, calprotectin: 400 µg/g), both tests performed equally well (specificity: 97% (95% CI 94% to 99%) vs 98% (95% CI 95% to 100%)).ConclusionsBoth calgranulin-C and calprotectin have excellent test characteristics to predict IBD and justify endoscopy.Trial registration numberNCT02197780.

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Reference values of fecal calgranulin C (S100A12) in school aged children and adolescents

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of selected gastrointestinal parasites and viral agents on fecal S100A12 concentrations in puppies as a potential comparative model

Effect of selected gastrointestinal parasites and viral agents on fecal S100A12 concentrations in puppies as a potential comparative model

No association between abdominal pain and Dientamoeba in Dutch and Belgian children

Predicting inflammatory bowel disease in children with abdominal pain and diarrhoea: calgranulin-C versus calprotectin stool tests

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