Reference ranges for bone densitometers adopted Australia‐wide: Geelong osteoporosis study

Eisman

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

2007

152

109

Low baseline BMD, rate of BMD loss, weight loss, and weight fluctuation are significant predictors of all-cause mortality in elderly men and women, independent of each other and of age, incident fracture, and concomitant diseases. Introduction: Although low BMD has been shown to be associated with mortality in women, the effect of BMD is affected by weight and weight change and the contribution of these factors to mortality risk, particularly in men, is not known. This study examined the association between baseline BMD, rate of bone loss, weight loss, and weight fluctuation and all-cause mortality risk in elderly men and women. Materials and Methods: Data from 1059 women and 644 men, Ն60 years of age (as of 1989), of white background who participated in the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study were analyzed. All-cause mortality was recorded annually between 1989 and 2004. BMD at the femoral neck was measured by DXA (GE-LUNAR) at baseline and at approximately every 2 yr afterward. Data on incident osteoporotic fractures and concomitant diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, all types of cancer, and type I/II diabetes mellitus, was also recorded. Results: In the multivariable Cox's proportional hazards model with adjustment for age, incident fractures, and concomitant diseases, the following variables were independent risk factors of all-cause mortality in men: rate of BMD loss of at least 1%/yr, rate of weight loss of at least 1%/yr, and weight fluctuation (defined by the CV) of at least 3%. In women, in addition to the significant factors observed in men, lower baseline BMD was also an independent risk factor of mortality. In both sexes, baseline weight was not an independent and significant predictor of mortality risk. Approximately 36% and 22% of deaths in women and men, respectively, were attributable to the four risk factors. Conclusions: These data suggest that, although low BMD was a risk factor of mortality in women, it was not a risk factor of mortality in men. However, high rates of BMD loss, weight loss, and weight fluctuation were also independent predictors of all-cause mortality in elderly men and women, independent of age, incident fracture, and concomitant diseases.

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Loss, Weight Loss, and Weight Fluctuation Predict Mortality Risk in Elderly Men and Women

Eisman

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

2007

152

109

“…Deficits in bone density were common and most had osteoporosis. The proportion with osteoporosis was somewhat higher than reported values for women aged 70-74 years (32.6%), 75-79 years (42.7%) and 80+ years (51.0%) [12]; this pattern is concordant with the recognised age-related decline in BMD [9]. Approximately one-third of the women was identified as hypertensive, most were sedentary or had limited mobility, yet none had sustained a fall in the previous year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

“…Osteoporosis and osteopenia referred to BMD deficits at the spine and/or hip. Cut-off BMD values at the spine and hip were calculated using Australian reference ranges for women [9] corresponding to osteopenia (1.0-2.5 SD below the young reference mean) and osteoporosis (>2.5 SD below the young reference mean). Whole body scans also provided measures of lean tissue and body fat mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Female Nonagenarian Participants in an Observational Health Study

JA¹,

KL²

2014

J Gerontol Geriatr Res

“…DXA (Lunar DPX-L, Madison, WI, USA) provided measures of areal BMD at the proximal femur (femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter); total hip BMD was calculated from the subregions [9]. BMD values for osteoporosis at the total hip corresponded to T-scores < −2.5 according to the Australian reference ranges for women [10]. Whole body scans provided measures of lean tissue and body fat mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Socioeconomic Status, Handgrip Strength, and Osteoporotic Status in Elderly Women

Kim¹,

Cho²,

Kang³

2018

Exerc Sci

Background: Muscle strengthening exercises are promoted for building and maintaining a healthy skeleton. We aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle strength and areal bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip in women aged 26-97 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilises data from 863 women assessed for the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Measures of hip flexor and abductor strength were made using a hand-held dynamometer (Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester). The maximal measure from three trials on each leg was used for analyses. BMD was measured at the hip using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar DPX-L). Total lean mass, body fat mass and appendicular lean mass were determined from whole body DXA scans. Linear regression techniques were used with muscle strength as the independent variable and BMD as the dependent variable. Models were adjusted for age and indices of body composition. Results: Measures of age-adjusted hip flexor strength and hip abductor strength were positively associated with total hip BMD. For each standard deviation (SD) increase in hip flexor strength, the increase in mean total hip BMD (SD) was 10.4 % (p = 0.009). A similar pattern was observed for hip abductor strength, with an increase in mean total hip BMD of 22.8 % (p = 0.025). All associations between hip muscle strength and total hip BMD were independent of height, but were nullified after adjusting for appendicular lean mass or total lean mass. Conclusions: There was a positive association observed between muscle strength and BMD at the hip. However, this association was explained by measures of lean mass.