Reference Intervals in Avian and Exotic Hematology

Cray, Carolyn

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2014.09.006

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Reference ranges of normal haematological parameters reported from previous studies have varied (Etim et al, 2014). We therefore interpreted haematological parameters with reference to these reports (Hinton et al, 1982;Bortolotti et al, 1989;Archetti et al, 2008;Özkan et al, 2012;Varga, 2014;Cray, 2015;Moore et al, 2015) in conjunction with the normal hydration status obtained from physical examination. The total WBC count pre-and post-treatments from most of the rabbits in the present study was within normal reference range (Hinton et al, 1982;Bortolotti et al, 1989;Archetti et al, 2008), but it was significantly lower on day 28 when compared to pre-treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Haematological response in the treatment of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestations in rabbits

et al. 2018

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The objective of this study was to determine changes in haematological values of topical administration of selamectin in rabbits with at least one species of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestation (Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi, Psoroptes cuniculi, or Cheyletiella spp). Thirty-five rabbits were enrolled. They underwent physical examination and assessment of ectoparasite infestations on days 0, 14, 28, 56 and 86. Blood for haematology and serum biochemistry was collected on days 0, 14, 28 and 56. Selamectin was topically applied at a dose of 15 mg/kg onto the skin on days 0, 14 and 28, respectively. No ectoparasites or eggs were found in these rabbits from day 28 onwards by skin scraping and/or tape cytology. Haematology and serum biochemistry values were within normal limit throughout the study. However, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio significantly decreased post-treatment from 2.89 (0.90-5.47) on day 0 to 1.38 (0.56-3.09), and 1.44 (0.42-4.47) on days 14 and 56, respectively. There were no adverse drug reactions or treatment-related mortalities during the study. This study indicated that selamectin was effective and safe in the treatment and prevent re-infestation for at least 58 d post-treatment. Moreover, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio could be used for monitoring of inflammatory response in rabbits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Haematological response in the treatment of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestations in rabbits

et al. 2018

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“…The RIs at the 90% confidence interval for the upper and lower limits of normal HCT, accompanied by histograms for these species according to the ASCVP guidelines (Cray, 2015) are reported in Table 1 and Figure 1. The mean for all members of the family Paridae, twelve sampled species, was 46.13.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent article (Cray, 2015) iterates new guidelines issued by ASVCP establishing reference intervals (RIs) for avian species. These guidelines establish realistic numbers of subjects on which to base judgment of parameters of clinical animal health and are recommended for use in evaluating the health of wildlife.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unknown how many of these values were determined with small sample sizes or whether those species have cyclical variations. It is also unknown whether samples were taken from only a portion of their annual cycle.A recent article (Cray, 2015) iterates new guidelines issued by ASVCP establishing reference intervals (RIs) for avian species. These guidelines establish realistic numbers of subjects on which to base judgment of parameters of clinical animal health and are recommended for use in evaluating the health of wildlife.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Baseline Hematocrit Values in Birds: an Important Tool for Monitoring Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Scoville¹,

Doherty²

2017

EPP

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Abstract. Avian hematocrit can be used to monitor the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the aftermath of oil spills and their cleanup. Exposure to PAHs can result in a rapid and dramatic drop in hematocrit. Some baseline hematocrit data has been reported for waterbirds before and during coastline spills, but the equivalent baseline hematocrit data does not exist for monitoring land-based spills affecting migratory and resident songbirds. In this study, blood samples were taken from 310 North American migratory birds on their wintering grounds in The Bahamas and Panama. Hematocrit was measured in 20 species of passerines and near passerines plus one shorebird species. The results show that hematocrit values rose prior to northbound migration in mid-March to midApril when samples were compared to those taken in January. Among those species able to be reliably sexed by plumage, increases in hematocrit were found only in males. Hematocrit samples from 8 neo-tropical species and one avian family met new guidelines for determining reference intervals as published by The American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathologists. This study establishes hematocrit baseline values for a portion of the annual cycle of these neo-tropical migrant species and explains how monitoring changes in hematocrit after polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure can be used to determine injury and possible recovery after an oil spill.Keywords. Hemolytic anemia, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, avian hematocrit, reference intervals, neotropical birds, Arenaria, Paridae 1 Introduction BackgroundAmong serious threats to the health of avian populations is hemolytic anemia from oil spills (Leighton et al., 1983). Exposure to oil is by preening and ingestion of contaminated prey items and by inhalation of related toxic substances. Spills occur both on land and along waterways from rail cars, pipeline ruptures and unintentional releases from storage facilities. Migratory birds are vulnerable to this and other threats in any portion of their annual cycle. On land, the United States Department of Transportation Pipelines and Materials Safety Administration reports that more than 110 million gallons of oil and petroleum products have spilled from over 5600 pipeline ruptures in 47 states since 1990, with spills in Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana accounting for around half of that volume (PHMSA Pipeline Safety, Data & Reports). In May 2017, 94,000 gallons of jet fuel were spilled from a Navy storage facility in Virginia Beach, Virginia (usnews.com May 12, 2017). In the Virginia Beach incident, a small number of birds were collected as dead specimens, yet injury to avians from this and other spills is largely undetermined. Effects on waterbirds from coastal spills are somewhat better understood. Leighton et al. (1983) determined that the primary effect on birds from ingesting oil was hemolytic anemia. Herring gulls and puffins experimentally dosed with crude oil showed a dramatic drop in hematocrit, at some dosages, after four days. A subs...

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“…In our study animals, effects of some of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors were kept constant, since all snakes belong to the same zoological institution, are maintained at identical environmental, nutritional, and husbandry conditions, and consistent analytical methodology was applied. In addition to these aforementioned factors that need to be considered in clinicopathological data interpretation, formal reference intervals should be established based on recommendations by the Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QALS) committee of the ASVCP (Friedrichs et al 2012) using a sample set of at least 20 but ideally 120 and appropriate statistical methodology (Cray 2015;Geffre et al 2009a;Geffre et al 2009b). This can prove challenging given the often low availability of individuals in a given nondomestic species, which is also a limitation of our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and hormonal analysis of captive Louisiana pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni): effects of intrinsic factors and analytical methodology

Giori

Stacy

Ogle³

et al. 2019

Comp Clin Pathol

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Blood analyte data are useful in health assessments and management of reptiles. There is a knowledge gap for blood analyte data of the endangered Louisiana pine snake (LPS; Pituophis ruthveni). The objectives of this study were to provide baseline hematology, plasma biochemical, and hormone data of captive LPS, to compare the data in juvenile and adult snakes and in adult snakes by sex, and to investigate methodological differences in hormone (serum vs. plasma) and protein analyses (total solids versus total protein). Blood samples from apparently healthy captive LPS were analyzed for hematology and plasma biochemistry (n = 11) and plasma and serum hormone analyses (n = 9). Packed cell volume (PCV) and absolute heterophils were significantly higher in adult compared with juvenile LPS, while PCV, white blood cell count, and absolute lymphocytes were higher in adult males compared with adult females. Significantly higher plasma concentrations were found in adults compared with juveniles for calcium, total protein, total solids, albumin, globulins, and bile acids. No significant differences were observed in 17β-estradiol measured in serum and plasma when comparing adults and juveniles and for 17β-estradiol in adult males and females. Plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol were significantly lower than in serum. Serum testosterone in two adult males was 8.33 and 35.53 nmol/L, respectively, while it was undetectable in females and juveniles (n = 5). This study is the first to provide baseline information on blood analytes in endangered LPS, which will be useful for individual animals in managed care and as baseline for future population-level assessments.

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Reference Intervals in Avian and Exotic Hematology

Cited by 20 publications

References 49 publications

Haematological response in the treatment of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestations in rabbits

Haematological response in the treatment of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestations in rabbits

Baseline Hematocrit Values in Birds: an Important Tool for Monitoring Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and hormonal analysis of captive Louisiana pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni): effects of intrinsic factors and analytical methodology

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