Reference intervals and allometric scaling of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements in 150 healthy cats

Karsten, Schober; Stephanie, Savino; Yildiz, Vedat

doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0250

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…adaptive concentric hypertrophy, probably because the heart needs to enhance its contraction force to maintain blood flow in a large body mass. Different from the results reported here, a previous study using allometry observed that echocardiographic measurements were influenced by body weight, mainly VSd (Karsten et al, 2017); the discrepancy between results can be due to the different methods used. Another study observed the influence of body weight on cardiac measurements, mainly in the left atrium/aorta ratio, but they did not use BSC (Häggström et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

M-mode echocardiography measurements of healthy Brazilian random bred cats

Alberigi

Bendas

Soares³

et al. 2019

Braz. J. Vet. Med.

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To determine the M-mode echocardiography reference measurements for Brazilian random bred cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, cats presenting for routine care were examined by M-mode echocardiography. Animals with free wall values of the left ventricle and/or interventricular septum above 5 mm were not included. A total of 125 cats with were included in the study. The correlation of the body score condition (BSC) with the echocardiography measurements was positive for left ventricle wall in systole (LVWs) and left ventricular wall in diastole (LVWd). The LVWd values of BSCs 3 and 4 were different; and those of BSCs 3 and 5 were also different. The LVWs values of BSCs 3 and 5 were different. The correlated effect between BSC and the echocardiography measurements was true for the left atrium, left atrium/aorta ratio, ventricular septum in diastole, ventricular septum in systole, LVWs, LVWd, left ventricle in diastole, left ventricle in systole, ejection fraction and shortening fraction. The M-mode echocardiography evaluation of cats is impacted by the animal's body mass; therefore, the BSC must be taken into consideration when interpreting echocardiography measurements.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

M-mode echocardiography measurements of healthy Brazilian random bred cats

Alberigi

Bendas

Soares³

et al. 2019

Braz. J. Vet. Med.

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“…This study revealed that LAD strongly correlates with BW in healthy dogs. A similar result was found in humans, cats, and horses where normalization of LAD by an allometric model successfully removes the effect of body size [7, 9, 16, 22, 28, 30, 31, 36]. Differently, the LAD did not correlate with age or sex in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Finally, significant interoperator measurement variability of the LA/Ao has been reported, with possible misdiagnosis of LAE [27]. For these reasons, in cats and horses, the measurement of LAD is routinely used to evaluate LA size and LAE [1, 16, 31, 32, 37]. Given the correlation of LAD with body weight (BW), the normal reference range of LAD using allometric scales has been proposed in these two species [1, 16, 31, 37].…”

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confidence: 99%

Left atrial anteroposterior diameter in dogs: reference interval, allometric scaling, and agreement with the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio

Marchesotti

Vezzosi

Tognetti

et al. 2019

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is a well-known negative prognostic factor in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) is the most commonly used method to evaluate left atrial (LA) size in dogs, while the left atrial anteroposterior diameter (LAD) has been proposed as an additional measurement of LA size in different species. The aim of this study was to establish a normal reference range of LAD normalized to body weight (LADn) in dogs using allometric scales, and to evaluate the agreement between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in dogs with MMVD. This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. We included 330 healthy dogs, 30 dogs with MMVD in ACVIM stage B1, 30 dogs in ACVIM stage B2, and 30 dogs in ACVIM stage C. The reference range for the LAD, depending on body weight, was between 16.91 mm and 49.68 mm. The reference range for the LADn in healthy dogs was between 10.49 and 15.72. LADn was significantly greater in dogs with MMVD compared to healthy dogs, and a significant difference in LADn was noted between different ACVIM stages (P<0.001). The most accurate cut-off value of LADn to differentiate between dogs in groups B2 and C was 20.3 (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 83.3%). There was a misclassification rate of 37% between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in group B1. This study provides a normal reference range for LAD in dogs, which can be used as an additional tool to assess LAE in dogs with MMVD.

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“…The results of the present study in 823 clinically healthy rhesus macaques demonstrated that BW, age, HR and sex have a significant effect on various two-dimensional (2D) and M-mode echocardiographic parameters. Among all these variables, as reported in the previous studies, BW has the most significant impact on the echocardiographic measurement of left atrial and aortic diameter as well as left ventricular wall thickness during systole and diastole and performing allometric scaling eliminated the effect of BW on these measurements [18][19][20][21][22]. Therefore, using BW-based 95% prediction intervals based on allometric scaling is recommended when evaluating individual rhesus macaques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Echocardiographic Reference Intervals with Allometric Scaling of 823 Clinically Healthy Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Ueda

Duler

Elliot

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. A few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. However, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. In addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these variables. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete echocardiographic parameters based on a large cohort of clinically healthy rhesus macaques with wide ranges of weight and age distributions using allometric scaling. Results: A total of 823 rhesus macaques (ages 6 months to 31 years old; body weights 1.4 to 22.6 kg) were enrolled. Of these rhesus macaques, 421 were males and 402 were females. They were assessed with a complete echocardiographic examination including structural and functional evaluation under sedation with ketamine hydrochloride. The reference intervals of the key echocardiographic parameters were indexed to weight, age, and sex by calculating the coefficients of the allometric equation Y = aMb. On correlation matrix, body weight, age, sex, and heart rate were significantly correlated with various echocardiographic parameters and some of the parameters were strongly correlated with body weight and age. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to predict various echocardiographic parameters from heart rate, body weight, age and sex. Heart rate and body weight statistically significantly predicted various echocardiographic parameters. Valve regurgitation including tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic, and mitral regurgitations without other cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are common in clinically healthy rhesus macaques under ketamine sedation. Conclusions: In this study, the reference intervals of echocardiographic parameters were established by performing complete echocardiographic examinations on a large number of clinical healthy rhesus macaques. In addition, allometric scaling was performed based on their weight, and further indexed to age and sex. These allometrically scaled reference intervals can be used to accurately evaluate echocardiographic data in rhesus macaques and diagnose structural and functional evidence of cardiac disease.

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Reference intervals and allometric scaling of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements in 150 healthy cats

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

M-mode echocardiography measurements of healthy Brazilian random bred cats

M-mode echocardiography measurements of healthy Brazilian random bred cats

Left atrial anteroposterior diameter in dogs: reference interval, allometric scaling, and agreement with the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio

Echocardiographic Reference Intervals with Allometric Scaling of 823 Clinically Healthy Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

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