Reference for the 2011 revision of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury

Agreement of repeated motor and sensory scores at individual myotomes and dermatomes in young persons with spinal cord injury

“…The ISNCSCI has undergone several revisions since the first edition in 1982, predominantly to improve reliability in regards to both examination and classification. [1][2][3][4][5] With the most recent revision 6 clarity on terminology and testing techniques has been provided.…”

International Spinal Cord Injury Upper Extremity Basic Data Set

“…12,13 Also knowledge of the strength of ISNCSCI upper extremity key muscle function does not reveal how the individual is able to use the hand-forearmproximal arm in complex movements. 14,15 The five levels of hand function integrate the innervation of upper extremity muscles required to perform hand movements (like grasping and holding objects in the hand, manipulation (pro/ supination) and placement) and depend on sufficient voluntary innervation. Therefore, the ability to perform the described hand functions is not only dependent on the innervation per se but also the ability to release movements against potential antagonistic muscles or changes within the fibro-elastic tissues (like increased muscle tone and contractions) counteracting movements.…”

“…22,23 A number of adaptations of writing material, cutlery and ADL equipment (quite often individually made) can be used to enhance usage of impaired upper extremity function. 14 With surface FES systems, paralysed muscles are stimulated to contraction, which is the function needed, for instance, to provide grasp. The use of FES has been reviewed on numerous occasions.…”

Can spinal cord injury patients show a worsening in ASIA impairment scale classification despite actually having neurological improvement? The limitation of ASIA Impairment Scale Classification

“…We found one study by Spiess et al 3 that has reported a conflict between AIS grade conversion and neurological changes in European Multicenter Study on Human Spinal Cord Injury study. Therefore, we decided to show the limitation of AIS and to clarify the possible causes of inverse relationship between the motor/sensory changes and AIS conversion in certain conditions by using the case examples of reference for the 2011 revision of ISNCSCI, 6 as it was developed to have accurate communication between researchers.…”

“…Consequently, the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI)), which were revised in 2011, were developed to have accurate communication between researchers. 5,6 …”