Reference curves for refraction in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Truckenbrod, Carolin; Meigen, Christof; Brandt, Manuela; Vogel, Mandy; Wahl, Siegfried; Jurkutat, Anne; Kieß, Wieland

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230291

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…We have used the same model to generate centile curves for refraction. 21 To facilitate the comparison with the results by Tideman et al and Sanz Diez et al, we present the 2 nd , 5 th , 10 th , 25 th , 50 th , 75 th , 90 th , 95 th and 98 th percentiles. To assess the relationship between refractive state as an outcome, eye length and age, we used a logistic regression model with the z-score of the eye length and a spline base of age with knots at 25%, 50% and 75% of the data as independent variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we applied generalised additive models for location, shape and scale as implemented in the R package GAMLSS (gamlss.com) to create reference curves, which was one of the WHO’s favoured methods for modelling growth curves. We have used the same model to generate centile curves for refraction 21 . To facilitate the comparison with the results by Tideman et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Truckenbrod

Meigen

Brandt

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose To generate continuous growth curves for axial length (AL) in German children. We hypothesise that percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure of myopia. Methods In this longitudinal and cross‐sectional LIFE Child Study, children’s non‐cycloplegic refraction data was collected using the Zeiss i.Profiler plus while AL was measured using the Haag‐Streit Lenstar. Reference growth curves were estimated as a continuous non‐parametric function of age. Results Data from 4511 visits of 1965 participants (1021 boys and 944 girls) between 3 and 18 years of age were analysed. For all ages and percentiles, the estimated AL was higher in boys than girls. AL differences between boys and girls were most pronounced in the 98th percentile at 3 years of age, being 0.93 mm longer eyes in boys. This difference decreased to 0.21 mm at 18 years of age. While the lower percentiles of AL reach their final value around age 13, the 50th percentile was still increasing by 0.05 mm per year until the end of the observation period. While, in general, children with longer eyes are more likely to develop myopia, this relationship is weaker between the ages of 5 and 8. Conclusion The LIFE Child Study data provides European AL data. In both Germany and China, AL has comparable growth rates when the baseline ALs are compared as percentiles. Thus, percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure for the likelihood of developing as well as the progression of myopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Truckenbrod

Meigen

Brandt

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…Noncycloplegic refractive error of each eye (3 mm pupil diameter and 12 mm vertex distance) was measured three times using an autorefractometer (ZEISS i.Profiler ® Plus, www.zeiss.de). The repeatability of the three measurements was AE0.78 D. 21 Monocular VA was determined (both uncorrected and with the habitual correction if worn) at 6 m with ambient room lighting using a retro-illuminated logMAR chart (ZEISS i.Polatest ® , www.zeiss.de) with single line presentation and a 0.1 log unit difference between the lines. For children who were unable to read letters, line or single Kolt-test optotypes were presented.…”

Section: Examination Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired visual acuity caused by uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia in a German paediatric cohort

Brandt

Truckenbrod

Meigen

et al. 2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose This study describes the prevalence of visual impairment caused by uncorrected distance refractive error and the spectacle coverage in a large cohort of German children and adolescents. Furthermore, we determined the prevalence of amblyopia and amblyopia treatment. Methods Optometrists carried out visual acuity (VA) testing, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction, VA retesting with the refractive correction obtained by autorefraction, and if necessary subjective refraction and cover‐test in 1,874 subjects (901 girls/973 boys), aged 3 to 16 years. Additionally, a questionnaire on the history of previous eye care was completed. Results Distance visual impairment (VI) with VA worse than 6/18 Snellen in the better eye was present in 0.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.2% to 0.9%) of children. Logistic regression showed a significant positive association between VI and older age (OR = 1.21, P = 0.03). Gender differences were not found (P = 0.77). The spectacle coverage of all participants was 74.8% (95% CI: 65.2% to 82.8%). Amblyopia was found in 29 participants (1.5%; 95% CI: 1.0% to 2.2%) with no age or sex differences. The causes of unilateral amblyopia (27 cases, 93.1%) were anisometropia in 55.6% of children, strabismus in 25.9% and the combination of these factors in 18.5%. All children with bilateral amblyopia (2 cases, 6.9%) showed bilateral high ametropia. We observed 15 children with current amblyopia, who had been treated with occlusion therapy in the past (62.2%; 95% CI: 42.7% to 83.6%). Conclusions The prevalence of impaired VA caused by uncorrected refractive error and amblyopia is comparable with previous studies conducted in urban areas worldwide. Adding the measurement of refractive error to existing medical check‐ups, possibly using autorefraction, would be desirable.

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“…It is essential to know about the repeatability of instruments under normal conditions to establish its validity in clinical practices and studies. The i.Pro ler Plus , as a wavefront autorefractor, can provide the quanti cation of both objective refraction and wavefront aberration [10][11][12]. More information about this device is needed as growing interest in image quality assessment for refractive surgery design, intraocular lens selection, contact lenses evaluation, corneal diseases diagnose, and so forth [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability of i.Profiler for Measuring Wavefront Aberrations in Healthy Eyes

Liao¹,

Wang²,

Tan³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Purpose To evaluate the repeatability of wavefront aberration measurements and the correlation between corneal aberration and pupil size in normal eyes using a wavefront-based autorefractor (i.ProfilerPlus; Carl Zeiss Vision, Germany). Methods A prospective cross-sectional study. Wavefront aberrations, including SA (Z40), coma (Z3 − 1, Z31), trefoil (Z3 − 3, Z33) and total higher-order aberrations (tHOA), were measured at different pupil diameters. The repeatability was evaluated using one-way ANOVA method, and statistical indicators including within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability (TRT), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The correlations between corneal aberrations and pupil sizes were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis. Results A total of 96 healthy young volunteers were enrolled. Corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations (HOA) measured by i.Profiler showed Sw<0.01µm, TRT < 0.10µm, ICC > 0.90. There was a linear positive correlation between the corneal HOA and pupil size. The correlation coefficient between SA and tHOA was the largest (r = 0.996, P < 0.001). Conclusions The measurements of wavefront aberrations by i.Profiler are highly repeatable. Corneal HOA is significantly dependent on pupil size. SA is the most influential aberration for visual quality.

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Reference curves for refraction in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Impaired visual acuity caused by uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia in a German paediatric cohort

Repeatability of i.Profiler for Measuring Wavefront Aberrations in Healthy Eyes

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