Abstract:Background: Male height is positively associated with social dominance, and more agonistic/competitive behaviours. However, the 'Napoleon complex' or 'small man syndrome' suggests that smaller males are more assertive and punitive to compensate for lack of height and social dominance. Here, we assess possible relationships between height and punitive behaviours in a real-world setting.Methods: Using a non-experimental correlational design, we analysed data on 61 male association football referees from four pro… Show more
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