Refeeding Syndrome

Abstract

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) can be defined as a condition with severe electrolyte disturbance and metabolic abnormalities in undernourished patients who are undergoing refeeding. It is a life-threatening condition if not recognized or managed properly. Although there are no universally agreed guidelines on managing RFS, being aware of high-risk groups with close monitoring and a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for prevention as well as management. It is of paramount importance that clinicians are made more aware of this preventable, yet fatal, syndrome. There is also a great need for more randomized controlled trials to be performed, which can guide the clinical practice.

Analysis of Hertzian indentation fracture using a phase field approach

“…The larger is Poisson's ratio the smaller is the cone crack angle (dϕ/dν < 0), which is in agreement with studies from literature. In Figure 6 cone crack angles ϕ obtained by the present simulations are compared with experimental [1,4] and other numerical results [4,5]. Cone angles obtained with the phase field method vary almost linearly between ϕ = 38.1 • for ν = 0 and ϕ = 19.3 • for ν = 0.3 and are somewhat larger compared to the other results.…”

“…1, once the initial ring crack is established subsequent crack growth forms a cone. The angle of this cone depends on Poisson's ratio as reported by, e.g., [4]. In the following, special focus is given to the reproduction of this relation with the phase field method.…”

“…6: Cone crack angle ϕ depending on Poisson's ratio ν. Results of phase field simulations in comparison with experimental findings reported in [1] and [4] and numerical results from FEM [4] and X-FEM [5].…”

“…This might be explained by the fact that the cone angle slightly decreases with further crack progress. Cone angles from experiments [4] are measured at a larger radius and therefore are apparently smaller. Fig.…”

“…the formation and further evolution of cracks caused by the compression of a stiff indenter onto the initially defect-free surface of a brittle solid, has been subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies, e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In the present work, we regard a flat and initially defect-free surface of an isotropic linear elastic body (E, ν) subjected to indentation loading by a rigid cylindrical punch of radius a (Fig.…”