Reengaging High School Dropouts: Early Results of the National Guard Youth Challenge Program Evaluation

Bloom, Dan; Gardenhire-Crooks, Alissa; Mandsager, Conrad

doi:10.2139/ssrn.1356853

Cited by 41 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…This contrasted with programme sites that provided a balanced combination but offered participants little choice, which appeared to have 'less difficulty in maintaining interest' among young people. In the highly reliable and useful US-based study by Schwartz et al 77 and the linked study by Bloom et al, 106 evaluators found that a compulsory academic component was viewed much more positively. They report that participants of the National Youth Guard mentoring programme 'welcomed the small class size, tailored instruction, and self-paced approach' 106 of the graduate education programme.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Process Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…77 In some cases, programmes attempted to turn to their 'back-up' mentors, but these were still a 'small pool' of volunteers who were often outside the mentees' immediate community. There was also a reluctance to draw on them too heavily, as they could not necessarily deliver a programme with good fidelity in the absence of sufficient training (see Bloom et al, 106 a study linked to that of Schwartz et al…”

Section: Challenges With Community Engagement and Establishing Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, Bloom et al 106 described how the NGYCP separated participants who belonged to different gangs into different 'squads' and removed or obscured gang symbols such as tattoos that could function as 'physical reminders of past affiliations'. However, problems associated with gang membership were not always easily overcome, with one site in Mississippi reporting higher incidences of 'fights and intimidation' and 'gambling and extortion' and noting that there were 'higher levels of attrition among this subset of the population'.…”

Section: Positive Peer Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross et al 90 Gottfredson et al 92 Gottfredson et al Bloom et al 106 Schwartz et al 77 Millenky et al 107 Millenky et al 108 Millenky et al…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors felt that despite providing an alternative academic activity, the lack of 1 : 1 tutoring may have 'contributed to withdrawal of youths whose parents viewed tutoring as the main draw of the program'. 106 In addition, Maxfield et al 99 reported that programmes DOI: 10.3310/phr04050 PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2016 VOL. 4 NO.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

et al. 2016

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BackgroundPositive Youth Development (PYD) delivered outside school aims to enable young people to develop positive assets such as relationships and confidence, rather than to merely address risk. Existing reviews of PYD effects on substance use or violence are old and unsystematic.ObjectivesTo systematically review evidence to answer the following questions: what theories of change inform PYD interventions addressing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts are identified as barriers to and facilitators of implementation and receipt in process evaluations of PYD? What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PYD in reducing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts appear to moderate, or are necessary and sufficient for, PYD effectiveness?Data sourcesA total of 21 bibliographic databases; 35 websites and contacting authors.Review methodsWe included reports published in English since 1985 and reporting on theories of change, as well as process, outcome and economic evaluations of PYD targeting 11- to 18-year-olds and addressing substance use or violence. References were screened on title/abstract and, where appropriate, on full report. Data extraction and quality assessment used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre and Cochrane tools. Theories of change and process evaluations were qualitatively metasynthesised. Outcome evaluations were synthesised narratively and meta-analytically.Results32,394 unique references were identified and 48 were included. A total of 16 reports described theories, 13 (10 studies) evaluated processes and 25 (10 studies) evaluated outcomes.Theories of changePYD interventions aim to offer opportunities for young people to develop positive ‘assets’ such as skills and confidence. These are theorised to promote and be promoted by young people’s ‘intentional self-regulation’, which involves reflecting on behaviour; determining goals; using existing resources to pursue these; and redirecting effort when thwarted. This enables ‘developmental regulation’, namely individuals capitalising on other opportunities to promote personal development. Positive assets thus accrued reduce health risks by reducing the impact on individuals of environmental risk or by ameliorating the impact of such risks. The literature offers limited insights beyond these general ideas.Process evaluationsCommunity engagement ensured that programmes were accessible and appealing. Staff capacity and continuity were crucial factors but often challenging when programmes could not offer full-time jobs. Tensions arose between a desire to empower participants to choose activities and a requirement for them to undertake a breadth of activities.Outcome evaluationsMeta-analyses of all combined outcomes and of short-term alcohol use, illicit drug use and smoking found no significant effects. There were small, statistically significant, short-term effects for an omnibus measure of substance use and for violence. We could not undertake metaregression to assess sociodemographic moderators but narrative synthesis suggested no clear pattern of effects by sex. We found no economic evaluations.LimitationsInsufficient studies precluded qualitative comparative analyses.ConclusionsHow PYD might promote health is currently undertheorised. Implementation can be challenging. We found little evidence that current PYD interventions delivered outside school reduce substance use or violence. However, these may not constitute a test of the effectiveness of the PYD model, as some included interventions that, although meeting our inclusion criteria, were not exemplars of PYD.Future workFurther evaluations should assess interventions employing PYD theory of change.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013005439.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

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Section: Synthesis Of Process Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Challenges With Community Engagement and Establishing Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Positive Peer Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross et al 90 Gottfredson et al 92 Gottfredson et al Bloom et al 106 Schwartz et al 77 Millenky et al 107 Millenky et al 108 Millenky et al…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

et al. 2016

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Personality Psychology and Economics

Almlund¹,

Duckworth²,

Heckman³

et al. 2011

Handbook of the Economics of Education

967

893

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S ABSTRACT Personality Psychology and Economics *This paper explores the power of personality traits both as predictors and as causes of academic and economic success, health, and criminal activity. Measured personality is interpreted as a construct derived from an economic model of preferences, constraints, and information. Evidence is reviewed about the "situational specificity" of personality traits and preferences. An extreme version of the situationist view claims that there are no stable personality traits or preference parameters that persons carry across different situations. Those who hold this view claim that personality psychology has little relevance for economics. The biological and evolutionary origins of personality traits are explored. Personality measurement systems and relationships among the measures used by psychologists are examined. The predictive power of personality measures is compared with the predictive power of measures of cognition captured by IQ and achievement tests. For many outcomes, personality measures are just as predictive as cognitive measures, even after controlling for family background and cognition. Moreover, standard measures of cognition are heavily influenced by personality traits and incentives. Measured personality traits are positively correlated over the life cycle. However, they are not fixed and can be altered by experience and investment. Intervention studies, along with studies in biology and neuroscience, establish a causal basis for the observed effect of personality traits on economic and social outcomes. Personality traits are more malleable over the life cycle compared to cognition, which becomes highly rank stable around age 10. Interventions that change personality are promising avenues for addressing poverty and disadvantage.JEL Classification: I2, J24

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Racial inequality in the 21st century: the declining significance of discrimination

G.¹

2011

Handbook of Labor Economics

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Reengaging High School Dropouts: Early Results of the National Guard Youth Challenge Program Evaluation

Cited by 41 publications

References 3 publications

The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

Personality Psychology and Economics

Racial inequality in the 21st century: the declining significance of discrimination

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