REE fractionation and human Gd footprint along the continuum between Paraguaçu River to coastal South Atlantic waters

Development of a fully automatic separation system coupled with online ICP-MS for measuring rare earth elements in seawater

“…71 Several researchers state that the extensive use of gadopentetic acid contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging is the main cause of Gd emission into the environment. [6][7][8]10 In the Pearl River Delta region, effluents from hospitals and the pharmaceutical industry may be one of the main pollution sources, leading to serious Gd pollution of river water and causing the Gd anomaly. Several seawater samples also exhibit positive Gd anomalies, which may be caused by mixing with river water.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Meanwhile, REEs are widely used in numerous high-tech devices and modern industries (e.g., magnets, electronics, optics, lasers, rechargeable batteries, medicine, ceramics, and glassmaking). [5][6][7][8] Therefore, the REE characteristics in the environment may be used to trace the pollution of urban, agricultural, and industrial wastewater in coastal waters. [9][10][11][12] However, accurately measuring REE concentrations in coastal water or seawater remains a challenge due to their extremely low concentrations (sub-ng L À1 ) and the presence of high-salt matrices.…”

Lifecycle of Gadolinium‐Based Contrast Agents

“…In geochemistry, rare earth elements (REE), such as Gd, are used as tracers of natural processes due to their predictable fractionation into the environment 19–21 . Since Gd is not easily decoupled from its neighboring REEs, it fractionates coherently with neighboring REEs into the environment.…”

The Spreads and the Uniqueness of the Controversial Toxic Pharmaceutic Contrast Agents and Their Remediation.

“…Unfortunately, despite the uncertainty about GBCAs safety in the human body, the controversial toxic metal has recently been identi ed as a hydrological contaminant. They are reportedly detected in increasing amounts in rivers, estuarine waters, seawater, groundwater, lakes, and Municipal tap water worldwide (Zabrecky et al, 2021;Brünjes and Hofmann, 2020;Andrade et al, 2020;Ebrahimi and Barbieri, 2019;Thomsen, 2017;Brünjes et al, 2016;Bichler et al, 2016;Hatje et al, 2016) Indeed, the consequences of the anthropogenic gadolinium anomaly in water over a signi cant period have remained vague. There is also a lack of extensive clinical evidence of gadolinium deposition and clinical studies' neurologic effects, establishing a link between gadolinium retention and clinical sequelae (Layne et al, 2020;Soloff and Wang, 2020;Choi and Moon, 2019;Kanal, 2016).…”