“…The "Cleaning" step in 5S has become more important than ever, as well as assuring appropriate PPE, disinfectants, checking whether handwash is available, sterilizing and disinfecting of workplaces and equipment. Value steam mapping as well as being utilized to eliminate waste and infection points has been important in designing processes for better flow (Obara, 2020;Martichenko, 2020;Berkery et al, 2020) infection testing, re-layout of wards and waiting rooms though avoiding patients unnecessarily introducing themselves to the hospital; testing offsite and utilization of teleconferences where possible. Surge capacity planning (Aruru et al, 2020) and preventative contingency planning by creating flow and space to quarantine and segregate infected patients while keeping others separate; overflow wards; offsite wards; laboratory testing capacity and error proofing are all outputs of using Lean concepts.…”