Reduplication of the mouth and mandible

Duplication of lower lip and mandible—A rare diprosopus

“…There were many variations in relation to structures, e.g. presence of both upper and lower lips [1,2], absence of both lips [4] and presence of one lip [3]. Our case is similar to the case described by Maisels [3].…”

“…A duplicated mandible had been suggested to occur as a result of first branchial arch duplication [3], as a developmental anomaly arising from sequestrated totipotent cells [2], as part of the split notochord syndrome [8], or secondary to duplication of the mandibular growth centre around the margins of stomatodeal plate [7]. Duplication of stomatodeal structures can be classified into type I (duplicated mouth), type II (duplication of maxilla-upper lip or mandible-lower lip complex) and type III (centrally located, poorly developed lip-jaw duplication) [9].…”

“…McLaughlin was the first to describe it in 1948, and following that several other authors attempted to illustrate this rare anomaly [1][2][3][4]. Wu et al reviewed the literature and reported that approximately 100 cases of complete or incomplete craniofacial duplication were identified [5].…”

“…It was believed that this condition was an anomaly and not a teratoma [2]. This condition was also considered as a type of conjoined twinning [6].…”

Duplication of structures around the stomato deum

“…The mental development of the patient was just below average but at least in part, this might well be related to speech and hearing problems caused by the cleft palate sequellae. Bacsich et al (1964) (here two pituitary glands and partial duplication of the cervical vertebrae were found), Davies et al (1973), Kawamoto et al (1977) and Bor~bakan (1978).…”