Reductions in tree-ring widths of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) as an indicator of air pollution in southern Poland

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate how the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from the late 19th century until modern times has been recorded in rings of silver fir trees growing in southern Poland. Samples were collected from 24 firs growing in the Beskid Niski Mountains (Western Carpathians). Using a Pressler borer, a single core was collected from each tree. Within the samples, tree-ring widths were measured. On this basis, reductions of tree-ring widths were calculated and subsequently divided into three classes according to their severity. Study results indicate that growth reductions at the site studied were influenced by the pollution emitted from the now-defunct Central Industrial Region, which developed most rapidly from 1920 to 1940, and began to decline after World War II. These emissions were probably responsible for reductions in the trees sampled in the years 1928–1947. On the other hand, reductions of tree-ring widths dating from 1951 to 1989 were caused by the post-war development of heavy industry throughout Poland, and in particular in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, which developed at its most rapid rate from 1960 to 1990. The results obtained demonstrate that reductions of tree-ring widths in the silver firs studied are related to industrial air pollution in the 20th century. As industrial production declined and environmentally friendly technologies were introduced in the early 1990s, air pollution levels decreased and an increase in tree-ring widths followed in the silver firs studied. Further reductions of tree-ring widths have been observed in recent years (since 2009), which may be caused by air pollution due to low-stack emissions from domestic boilers. The analysis conducted demonstrates that a reduction in tree-ring widths in silver fir is a sensitive bioindicator of air pollution.

Climatic Sensitivity Profile of <em>Abies</em> Species – A Key to Their Future Role in the Adaptive Silviculture of Central-Southeast Europe

“…Compared to other tree species, the relatively high phenotypic resilience of silver fir to changing climate conditions is experimentally proven, although mostly for juvenile trees [12,36,37]; however, silver fir is sensitive to additional negative biotic and abiotic environmental influences, e.g. to industrial air pollution [39]. In the absence of game browsing and industrial air pollution, the species is capable of regenerating vigorously, even outside its historic distribution limits, even in the broadleaved forest zone (Figure 8).…”

Техногенез И Структурно-Функциональные Реакции Древесных Видов: Повреждения, Адаптации, Стратегии. Часть 3. Влияние На Радиальный Прирост И Корневые Системы.

“…После введения в начале 1990-х гг. безвредных для окружающей среды технологий, уровни загрязнения воздуха уменьшились и произошло резкое восстановление радиального прироста [63,70,74,82,100,[104][105]112].…”

“…Анализ публикаций показывает, что как правило наблюдается однозначное уменьшение величины радиального прироста древесных видов в ответ на промышленное загрязнение [3, 8, 16, 24, 34, 36, 39, 44-45, 48-49, 56, 63, 70, 74, 80, 82, 95-96, 100, 102, 104-105, 107, 112-113], потеря его чувствительности к климатическим сигналам [3,34,50,[104][105], перераспределение долей ранней и поздней древесины в общем приросте [6, 14, 36-37, 39, 51, 106], изменение длительности онтогенетических периодов и нарушение его цикличности [3,40,[49][50], появление повышенного количества ложных годичных колец или их выпадение [25,34,43,63], ускоренное начало старения древостоев [24,50], зависимость величины прироста от расстояния между древостоями и источниками эмиссии и от ландшафта местности [36,39,63,70,96,102,[104][105], а также тесная связь между уменьшением ширины древесных колец и содержанием в годичных кольцах металлов и различных микроэлементов [38,44,96,107], восстановление прироста после снижения объемов выбросов загрязняющих веществ [9,56,63,70,82,95,[104][105]108].…”

The Impact of Air Pollution on the Growth of Scots Pine Stands in Poland on the Basis of Dendrochronological Analyses

“…A retrospective analysis of annual ring widths and other tree-ring parameters (e.g., chemical composition of the wood, stable isotopes) makes it possible to obtain information on the state of the environment at a high time resolution. Hence, tree rings are often used to assess the long-term effects of air pollution in the environment [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. These studies have indicated that trees growing in a polluted environment have narrower increments or, in extreme cases, do not produce any increments in a given year [36][37][38].…”

“…Hence, tree rings are often used to assess the long-term effects of air pollution in the environment [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. These studies have indicated that trees growing in a polluted environment have narrower increments or, in extreme cases, do not produce any increments in a given year [36][37][38].…”