“…As most models are derived from first-principle laws, the parameters of these models communicate fundamental properties of the system. In engineering practice, knowledge of these properties is necessary to conduct control, diagnosis, calibration, and many other essential tasks (Lew, 2008; Yoshimura, 2010, Jamali et al., 2015). A number of well-developed methodologies exist to address this problem, the majority of which have roots in the fundamental theory of least squares.…”