Reduction of ultraviolet transmission through cotton t-shirt fabrics with low ultraviolet protection by various laundering methods and dyeing: Clinical implications

Wang, Steven Q.; Kopf, Alfred W.; Marx, Jeffrey L.; Bogdan, A. T.; Polsky, David; Bart, Robert S.

doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.112384

Cited by 89 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Since UVA has longer wavelengths than UVB, it can penetrate deeper into the skin and, unlike UVB, pass through glass windows. A recent study demonstrated that summer clothing proved surprisingly ineffective as a barrier to UVA radiation, and that such clothing permitted a larger percent transmission of UVA than UVB (Kaidbey and Kligman, 1979;Bruls et al, 1984;Wang et al, 2001a). These two components of sunlight also have different biological effects.…”

Section: Sunlight and The Damage It Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma

2003

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Recent years have seen a steady rise in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma worldwide. Although it is now appreciated that the key to understanding the process by which melanocytes are transformed into malignant melanoma lies in the interplay between genetic factors and the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of sunlight, the nature of this relation has remained obscure. Recently, prospects for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying such gene-environment interactions have brightened considerably through the development of UV-responsive experimental animal models of melanoma. Genetically engineered mice and human skin xenografts constitute novel platforms upon which to build studies designed to elucidate the pathogenesis of UV-induced melanomagenesis. The future refinement of these in vivo models should provide a wealth of information on the cellular and genetic targets of UV, the pathways responsible for the repair of UV-induced DNA damage, and the molecular interactions between melanocytes and other skin cells in response to UV. It is anticipated that exploitation of these model systems will contribute significantly toward the development of effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of melanoma.

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Section: Sunlight and The Damage It Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma

2003

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“…These UPFs were also obtained when participants were instructed to wear their T-shirt for 4-8 h per week and to wash their T-shirt once per week for 10 wash-and-wear cycles (Stanford et al 1995b). Wang et al (2001) have observed only a moderate increase in the UPF of cotton fabrics after laundering. They have found that adding UV-absorbing agents during laundering substantially enhances the UPF Wang et al 2001).…”

Section: Durability Of Upfmentioning

confidence: 90%

Role of Clothes in Sun Protection

Gambichler¹,

Altmeyer²,

Hoffmann³

2002

Cancers of the Skin

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the carcinogenic factor in sunlight. Damage to skin cells from repeated UV exposure can lead to the development of skin cancer. Apart from avoidance of the sun, the most frequently used form of UV protection has been the application of sunscreens. The use of textiles as a means of sun protection has been underrated in previous educational campaigns, even though suitable clothing offers usually simple and effective broadband protection against the sun. Apart from skin cancer formation, exacerbation of photosensitive disorders and premature skin aging could be prevented by suitable UV-protective clothing. Nevertheless, several studies have recently shown that, contrary to popular opinion, some textiles provide only limited UV protection. It has been found that one-third of commercial summer clothing items provide a UV protection factor (UPF) less than 15. Given the increasing interest in sun protection, recreationally and occupationally, test methods and a rating scheme for clothing were needed that would ensure sufficient UV protection. Various textile parameters have an influence on the UPF of a finished garment. Important parameters are the fabric porosity, type, color, weight and thickness. The application of UV absorbers into the yarns significantly improves the UPF of a garment. Under the conditions of wear and use several factors can alter the UV-protective properties of a textile, e.g., stretch, wetness and laundering. The use of UV-blocking cloths can provide excellent protection against the hazards of sunlight; this is especially true for garments manufactured as UV-protective clothing. However, further educational efforts are necessary to change people's sun behavior and raise awareness for the use of adequate sun-protective clothing.

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“…UPF has been widely adopted and currently is used to describe the level of UVR protection provided by textile fabrics (Eckhardt & Rohwer, 2000;Pailthorpe, 1998;Srinivasan & Gatewood, 2000;Stanford et al, 1995aStanford et al, , 1995bWang et al, 2001;Zhou & Crews, 1998). The meaning of UPF to consumers is interpreted in the same way as sun protective factor (SPF) used for sunscreens, with higher values representing increasing protection levels.…”

Section: Review Of Literature Ultraviolet Protection Factor Definitiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If found to provide reliable results, this instrument would have great benefit for garment producers, retailers, educators, and others wishing to show fabric UPF differences to customers or students. A secondary purpose was to demonstrate that home laundering processes using household laundering products could raise UPF levels of low-cost, knit T-shirts above the UPF 5 that Wang et al (2001) reported from tests of cotton T-shirts before laundering. If so, this would provide a low-cost alternative for consumers compared with the purchase of garments sold with a claim of UV protective capability, usually high-cost garments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Knit Fabric UPF Using Consumer Laundry Products: A Comparison of Results Using Two Instruments

Kim

Stone

Crews³

et al. 2004

Family & Consum Sci Res J

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This study investigated the use of two instruments to measure the ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) of T‐shirt knit fabrics. After various laundering treatments, specimens were cut and UPF was measured from the wale, course, and bias directions with the ISO MET® UV‐Meter and the Cary UV‐Visible Spectrophotometer. Similar results were found between the two instruments and among repeated measures. Before UPF measurement, the shirt fabrics were repeatedly laundered using various household detergents and laundering additives commonly available to consumers. Statistically significant effects on the mean UPF values were found related to type of fabric, type of detergent/laundry additives, number of repeated launderings, and interaction effects of combinations of the three factors. Consumers can improve the UPF of their cotton and cotton‐blend clothing by using detergents with brightener and/or products containing ultraviolet absorbers. Conclusions and implications for educators and apparel and textiles industry are provided.

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Reduction of ultraviolet transmission through cotton t-shirt fabrics with low ultraviolet protection by various laundering methods and dyeing: Clinical implications

Cited by 89 publications

References 25 publications

Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma

Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma

Role of Clothes in Sun Protection

Improving Knit Fabric UPF Using Consumer Laundry Products: A Comparison of Results Using Two Instruments

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