Reduction of ultrafine particles emission from office laser printers

Sung, Giwoon; Ha, Sang Keun; Kwon, Soon−Bark; Kim, Taesung

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.09.007

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Secondly, they did not discuss the role of nucleation, condensation, or secondary aerosol formation in their study, which have been demonstrated to be the main UFP formation pathways. 10,12,28,48,51 Lastly, other studies have demonstrated that UFP concentrations were highly increased when printing with 0% toner coverage 12,42 or without toner on a modified laser printer, 30 implying that UFP could be emitted even without toner. Therefore, this newly proposed mechanism needs to be verified.…”

Section: Particle Formation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…They all came to the conclusion that particles with a diameter < 200 nm are clearly dominant. 9,[12][13][14][27][28][29][30][31][32] Early chamber studies found an increase of PM 10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm), and the poor transfer efficiency between the toner drum and paper surface may have led to the PM 10 increase. 33 He et al 34…”

Section: Particle Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main chemical components of laser printer-emitted particles include hydrocarbons, esters, and a small amount of inorganic elements. [10][11][12][13]15 For obtaining specific information on organic compounds, Schripp and Wensing 11 conducted gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of LPD particles and found alkanes and siloxanes to be the main organic components. Figure 3 shows the result of a GC/MS analysis of printer-emitted particles.…”

Section: Particle Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former mechanism was confirmed by many chamber studies. [9][10][11][12][13] In addition, Wang et al 48 Therefore, the remaining particles detected by TEM may not be representative for all the emitted particles. Secondly, they did not discuss the role of nucleation, condensation, or secondary aerosol formation in their study, which have been demonstrated to be the main UFP formation pathways.…”

Section: Particle Formation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These UFPs have been described to be predominately semi-volatile and mainly formed from nucleation and condensation of vaporized semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). [9][10][11][12][13] However, more recently it has been argued that the release of engineered nanoparticles in the toner powders mainly contributed to the UFPs. 14,15 This emission component would be markedly different from the re-condensing SVOCs mentioned before and, if present in relevant amounts, has to be taken into account in pathophysiological considerations regarding possible health effects of LPD-emitted particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

Karrasch

Salthammer

2020

Indoor Air

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractMany studies have shown that the use of laser printing devices (LPDs) contributes to the release of particles into the indoor environment. However, after more than two decades of research, the physicochemical properties of LPD-emitted particles and the possible health effects from exposure to particles are still heavily debated.We therefore carried out a critical review of the published studies around emissions and health effects of LPD-emitted particles, aiming at elucidating the nature of these particles and their potential health risks. Realizing the varying methodologies of the studies, a classification of the reviewed studies is adopted, resulting in three categories of emission studies (chamber experiment, office/room measurement, and photocopy shop measurement), and three types of health studies (in vitro/animal studies, human studies in the real world, and human studies in controlled settings).The strengths and limitations of each type of study are discussed in-depth, which in turn helps to understand the cause of divergent results. Overall, LPD-emitted particles are mainly condensed or secondary-formed semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), while solid toner particles account for a very small fraction. The health risk from exposure to LPD-emitted particles is small compared with the health risk from exposure to ambient particles. K E Y W O R D S emission, exposure, indoor air quality, laser printer, particulate matter, risk | 397 GU et al.

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Section: Particle Formation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Particle Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particle Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particle Formation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

Karrasch

Salthammer

2020

Indoor Air

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Electrostatic fine particles emitted from laser printers as potential vectors for airborne transmission of COVID-19

Han

2020

Environ Chem Lett

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 14 million people globally. Recently, airborne transmission has been postulated to be a major contributor to the spread of the novel coronavirus, especially in enclosed public spaces. While many studies have demonstrated positive correlations between atmospheric pollutants and SARS-CoV-2 infection, the impact of indoor air pollutants on airborne transmission has been largely overlooked. In particular, laser printers are a primary source of particle emission that increases the concentrations of particulate matter in indoor atmosphere by releasing substantial quantities of electrostatic fine particles, at rates comparable with tobacco smoking and incense burning. We hypothesized that particles emitted from laser printers present a potential risk factor for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in offices and other indoor environments with high user occupancy. To test this hypothesis, we reviewed recent knowledge on the characteristics of particles emitted by laser printing, including their emission rates and accumulation in indoor air, electrostatic charges, localized emission and subsequent particle diffusion in relation to the human breathing zone. We then discuss the potential impact on the transmission of SAR-CoV-2 in indoor spaces. We found that emission rates from laser printers ranged from 10 8 to 10 12 particles min −1 , and these fine particles typically remain suspended for prolonged periods in indoor air. Electrostatic charges carried by these particles can reach 260-379 e per particle, thus enhancing their surface adsorption and deposition in human airways. Localized emission by laser printers and subsequent diffusion highly increase particle concentrations near the human breathing zone.

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Ten questions concerning indoor ultrafine particles

Nazaroff

2023

Building and Environment

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Reduction of ultrafine particles emission from office laser printers

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

Electrostatic fine particles emitted from laser printers as potential vectors for airborne transmission of COVID-19

Ten questions concerning indoor ultrafine particles

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