This article 1 gives an overview of selected developments in musical sound synthesis based on physical models of musical instruments-sometimes called "virtual acoustic" sound synthesis. Emphasis is placed on techniques which yield the highest playability and sound quality in real time at a reasonable computational expense. 1 This is the author's final draft version of an article submitted to the Journal of New Music Research. The published version should appear early in 2005. 2 For purposes of this article, "virtualization" refers to the process of creating real-time, performable synthesis algorithms which are competitive with natural physical instruments such as pianos, guitars, clarinets, and so on. 3 Sound examples: http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/waveguide/Sound Examples.html 4 One exception is the Yamaha VL series of synthesizers [123], which provided a separate high-speed, low-latency input for the breath controller.