Reduction of Tantalum Pentoxide Using Graphite and Tin-Oxide-Based Anodes via the FFC-Cambridge Process

Barnett, R. P.; Kilby, Kamal Tripuraneni; Fray, Derek J.

doi:10.1007/s11663-008-9219-6

Cited by 56 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Towards the Processes Sustainability A Carbon-free Titanium mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…74 The use of the doped SnO 2 anode can result in improved current efficiency and a cleaner electrolyte when compared to that of a carbon anode. 74 However, an insulating layer of calcium stannate (CaSnO 3 ) formed on the anode surface after 24 h electrolysis, which ultimately terminated the operation. 22,73,74 CaRuO 3 was tested as the inert anode material to evolve pure oxygen during electro-reduction of TiO 2 and proven highly stable in chloride melts (see supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Towards the Processes Sustainability A Carbon-free Titanium mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Dolganov

et al. 2017

JOM

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Section: Towards the Processes Sustainability A Carbon-free Titanium mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Towards the Processes Sustainability A Carbon-free Titanium mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Dolganov

et al. 2017

JOM

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“…Previous work has investigated the current ef ciency for the FFC Cambridge process as a function of the electrolysis time, sintering conditions used for the cathode metal-oxide pellet, cell voltage, the molten salt temperature, and the anodic variables [8][9][10][11][12] . The results of the studies show that the current ef ciency can be improved by optimization of the electrolysis time, sintering conditions, cell voltage, the temperature and the inert anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Changed Electrolytic Cell on the Current Efficiency in FFC Cambridge Process

Bai

et al. 2017

Mater. Trans.

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Low current ef ciency of the FFC Cambridge process made it no obvious advantages in cost compared with the traditional process to produce metals. Effect of the changed electrolysis cell on the current ef ciency has been studied. Put the cathode into an alumina tube with a hole can ef ciently avoid short circuit and the cathode contaminated by carbon produced from graphite anode. The results show that the current ef ciency can be improved greatly by reducing the electric eld intensity in the electrolysis cell. The high background current is mainly caused by the electronic conductivity in the electrolysis cell. Otherwise, pollution of the cathode is avoided, the depletion of the anode sharply decreases and the deoxidation of the samples greatly improve when using the improvement electrolysis cell.

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“…In addition, the electrochemical decomposition of carbon dioxide gas by an advanced OS process using a solid electrolyte anode has been reported [20,21]. Fray, Farthing, and Chen investigated the cathodic deoxidation of metal oxides in calcium chloride and calcium oxide mixture molten salts and reported the production of metallic titanium [22][23][24][25][26], iron [27], chromium [28], zirconium [29], hafnium [30], tantalum [31], and other alloys [32][33][34] through the FFC (Fray, Farthing, and Chen) Cambridge process. Several other research groups have also investigated the successive reduction of metal oxides based on electrolysis in molten calcium chloride [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid reduction of titanium dioxide nano-particles by reduction with a calcium reductant

Kikuchi

Yoshida

Matsuura

et al. 2014

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids

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Micro-, submicron-, and nano-scale titanium dioxide particles were reduced by reduction with a metallic calcium reductant in calcium chloride molten salt at 1173 K, and the reduction mechanism of the oxides by the calcium reductant was explored. These oxide particles, metallic calcium as a reducing agent, and calcium chloride as a molten salt were placed in a titanium crucible and heated under an argon atmosphere. Titanium dioxide was reduced to metallic titanium through a calcium titanate and lower titanium oxide, and the materials were sintered together to form a micro-porous titanium structure in molten salt at high temperature. The reduction rate of titanium dioxide was observed to increase with decreasing particle size; accordingly, the residual oxygen content in the reduced titanium decreases. The obtained micro-porous titanium appeared dark gray in color because of its low surface reflection. Micro-porous metallic titanium with a low oxygen content (0.42 wt%) and a large surface area (1.794 m 2 g -1 ) can be successfully obtained by reduction under optimal conditions. Key words: Titanium, Calcium, Calciothermic reduction, Nano-particles, Electrolytic capacitor IntroductionMetallic calcium can easily reduce a large number of metal oxides directly to metals because calcium has a strong reducing ability. The reduction of metal oxides with a calcium reductant in calcium chloride molten salt at high temperature, well known as the calciothermic reaction, has long been widely investigated by many researchers. During oxide reduction, calcium chloride molten salt acts as a suitable solvent and has a high solubility for calcium and calcium oxide as a byproduct formed by reduction. [11] are formed via reduction of these oxides with a calcium reductant in calcium chloride molten salt. The residual oxygen in the reduced metal decreases continuously by deoxidation with a calcium reductant [4]. Pure metals, alloys, and intermetallic compounds with a lower residual oxygen content can be successfully fabricated by a one-step reduction technique. Reduction with a calcium reductant is a simpler technique for the production of these metals without complicated processes such as the Kroll process, although reduction is a batch-type production method.In recent years, a method for the successive reduction of metal oxides was developed by electrolysis in calcium chloride and calcium oxide mixture molten salts. Ono and Suzuki reported that calcium oxide in molten calcium chloride becomes the reductant source for the reduction of metal oxides during constant-voltage electrolysis [12]. For example, metallic calcium formed electrochemically at a cathode reacts with metal oxides, and reduced metals with a low residual oxygen content can be formed (OS (Ono and Suzuki) Kyoto process). Metallic titanium [13][14][15], niobium [16], nickel [17], and other alloys and intermetallic compounds [18,19] can be formed via the OS process. In addition, the electrochemical decomposition of carbon dioxide gas by an advanced OS process using ...

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Reduction of Tantalum Pentoxide Using Graphite and Tin-Oxide-Based Anodes via the FFC-Cambridge Process

Cited by 56 publications

References 14 publications

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Development of the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: Towards the Sustainable Production of Titanium and Its Alloys

Effect of the Changed Electrolytic Cell on the Current Efficiency in FFC Cambridge Process

Rapid reduction of titanium dioxide nano-particles by reduction with a calcium reductant

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