Reduction of Residual Monomer in Latex Products by Enhanced Polymerization and Extraction in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Kemmere, MF Maartje; Schilt, MA Marcus van; Cleven, Mhw Mascha; Herk, AM Alex van; Keurentjes, Jtf Jos

doi:10.1021/ie0109408

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The liquid and gas chromatography (HPLC and GC) methods are used to analyze residual reactants in specific extracts. The aim of the polymer industry is to reduce the content of residual reactants in the process of the polymer production to the minimum [47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers

Urošević

Nikolić

Ilić‐Stojanović

et al. 2020

Hem Ind

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Copolymeric hydrogels of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide-co-N-isopropylacrylamide), p(NIPMAM/NIPAM), are synthesized by radical polymerization of N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) monomers by using the cross-linker ethylen glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM). The synthesized copolymeric p(NIPMAM/NIPAM) hydrogels, starting monomers and the cross-linker were structurally characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The amounts of residual reactants in the synthesized hydrogels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Swelling of p(NIPMAM/NIPAM) hydrogels was investigated in relation to the temperature and pH value of the solution. The obtained values of residual monomer quantities are within acceptable limits and in the range from 2.69 to 5.25 mg g -1 for NIPMAM and 14.55 to 30.80 mg g -1 for NIPAM. The synthesized p(NIPMAM/NIPAM) hydrogels are negatively thermosensitive. The most common mechanisms of transport of a swelling solution in p(NIPMAM/NIPAM) hydrogels are polymer chain relaxation, (Case III), and the anomalous type of diffusion (non-Fickian diffusion). The maximal equilibrium swelling degree of 51.19 was reached by the p(NIPMAM/NIPAM) hydrogel with 1.5 mol% of EGDM at the temperature of 25 o C and pH 4, whereas the lowest one of 0.98 was exhibited by the hydrogel with 3 mol% of EGDM at the temperature of 80 o C and pH 7. Due to their low content of residual reactants and a satisfactory degree of swelling at various pH values, synthesized p(NIPMAM/NIPAM) hydrogels can be applied as carriers for the controlled release of pharmaceutically active substances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers

Urošević

Nikolić

Ilić‐Stojanović

et al. 2020

Hem Ind

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“…Further, CO 2 may easily be separated from the product mixture without the necessity of energy-consuming drying processes. Moreover, during expansion of the reaction mixture, CO 2 supports removal of unreacted monomer, [42] thus lowering residual monomer content of the polymeric product.…”

Section: Rate Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate in Carbon Dioxide

Arita

Beuermann

Buback

et al. 2005

Macro Materials & Eng

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Summary: Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of methyl acrylate (MA) in solution containing either 22 vol.‐% CO2 or toluene were performed at 80 °C and 300 bar using cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) at concentrations between 1.8 × 10−3 to 2.5 × 10−2 mol · L−1 as the RAFT agent. Product molecular weight distributions and average molecular weights indicated the successful control of MA polymerization in CO2, even at low CDB concentrations. RAFT polymerization rates were strongly retarded by CDB and were lower in CO2 than in toluene solution. The enhanced fluidity associated with the addition of CO2 to the polymerizing system provided access to mechanistic details of RAFT polymerization. The data of the present study into MA, together with our recent results on RAFT polymerization of styrene in solution of CO2 and of toluene, suggest that self‐termination of intermediate RAFT radicals is responsible for retardation in case of high concentrations of this intermediate and in case of enhanced fluidity, which may be achieved by polymerization in solution of CO2. magnified image

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“…Sehr wenige Polymere lçsen sich vollständig in überkritischem CO 2 , [157] weshalb dieses sich gut eignet, um Verschmutzungen wie flüchtige Substanzen, Brandhemmer, Stabilisatoren und Farbmittel aus Verpackungs-Polyolefinen, WEEE-PS sowie ABS und PVC aus Fußbodenbelägen zu entfernen. [158][159][160] Die Nutzung von überkritischem CO 2 hat den zusätzlichen Vorteil, dass toxische organische Lçsungsmittel wie Xylol, Aceton, Toluol und n-Heptan vermieden werden. [161] Ein elegantes Verfahren nutzt das Lçsungsmittel Cyclohexyldimethylamin, das bei Raumtemperatur hydrophil ist und bei hçherer Te mperatur in seiner neutralen Form LDPE auflçsen kann.…”

Section: Auflçsen Und Ausfällenunclassified

Die nächste Generation des Recyclings – neues Leben für Kunststoffmüll

et al. 2020

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Das Vergrößern des Recyclingstroms erfordert einen neuen Ansatz, der über das Schmelzen und Umformen hinausgeht. Es gibt einige Techniken des chemischen Recyclings mit dem Potential, bestehende Recyclingmöglichkeiten zu ergänzen. In diesem Aufsatz sind die Methoden des chemischen Recyclings dargestellt und anhand einer Ökobilanz bewertet, ergänzt durch eine Aufzählung von Prozessen und Firmen in diesem Bereich. Wir zeigen, dass bestimmte Techniken besonders für spezifische Müllströme geeignet sind und dass nur eine Kombination aus den vorhandenen Methoden geeignet ist, das Kunststoffmüllproblem zu lösen. Aktuelle Forschung sollte realistischeren und weniger reinen Mischströmen größere Aufmerksamkeit widmen, während Trenn‐ und Sortierprozesse z. B. durch effektivere Regularien verbessert werden müssen. Dieser Aufsatz soll zur Entwicklung von Verfahren inspirieren, mit denen hochwertige Produkte hergestellt werden können, die die Kreislaufwirtschaft antreiben, indem sie nötige Wirtschaftsanreize und Erleichterungen für die Umwelt bieten.

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Reduction of Residual Monomer in Latex Products by Enhanced Polymerization and Extraction in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers

Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers

RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate in Carbon Dioxide

Die nächste Generation des Recyclings – neues Leben für Kunststoffmüll

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