Reduction of orthodontic tooth movement by experimentally induced periodontal inflammation in mice

Abstract

Orthodontic therapy is known to have an aggravating effect on the progression of destructive periodontitis if oral hygiene is not maintained. However, it is largely unknown how active periodontitis affects the velocity of orthodontic tooth movement. In this study, we examined the effect of periodontal inflammation on orthodontic tooth movement using a mouse model. Orthodontic force was applied on the maxillary first molar of mice, with or without ligature wire to induce experimental periodontitis. The distance moved by the first molar was significantly reduced by the ligature-induced experimental periodontitis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed that the number of osteoclasts present during orthodontic treatment was lower in the pressure zone of alveolar bone in the presence of periodontal inflammation. Consistently, the expression level of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in the pressure zone was decreased in the ligature group. By contrast, experimental periodontitis increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in the periodontal tissues, while in vitro treatment with prostaglandin E(2) decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and RANKL expression induced by mechanical stress in osteoblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that the orthodontic force-induced osteoclastogenesis in alveolar bone was inhibited by the accompanying periodontal inflammation, at least partly through prostaglandin E(2), resulting in reduced orthodontic tooth movement.

Contribution of Orthodontic Load to Inflammationmediated Periodontal Destruction

“…However, a few in-vitro studies involving different cell types have demonstrated that biomechanical forces also exert anti-inflammatory effects [1,18,19]. Interestingly, the relationship between orthodontic treatment and periodontitis seems to be bidirectional because periodontal inflammation may also affect the velocity of orthodontic tooth movement, as it has been suggested in a recent study in mice [20]. In addition to inflammatory mediators, the homeostasis of periodontal tissues is also affected by growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promote cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules, such as collagen type I (COL1) [6].…”

“…Einige In-vitro-Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Zelltypen haben gezeigt, dass biomechanische Kräfte auch antiinflammatorische Effekte ausüben [1,18,19]. Interessanterweise scheint die Beziehung zwischen kieferorthopädischer Zahnbewegung und Parodontitis bidirektional zu sein, da eine Parodontitis auch die Geschwindigkeit der kieferorthopädischen Zahnbewegung beeinflussen kann, wie eine kürzlich veröffentlichte Studie an Mäusen nahelegt [20]. Neben Entzündungsmediatoren wird die Homöostase des Parodonts auch durch Wachstumsfaktoren wie z.B.…”

A Comprehensive Mixture of Tobacco Smoke Components Retards Orthodontic Tooth Movement via the Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis in a Rat Model

“…However, the comprehensive relationship among periodontitis, tobacco smoking, and orthodontic tooth movement is clinically yet to be explored. The feasibility of orthodontic treatment is still controversial for adult patients with destructive periodontal diseases [21]. Thus, we firstly attempted to evaluate the effects of TSCs on mechanical force-induced bone resorption at the middle of the alveolar bone.…”

Orthodontic Force Increases Interleukin‐1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Expression and Alveolar Bone Loss in Periodontitis

“…Conversely, OM did not accelerate periodontal breakdown on teeth with supra‐osseous periodontal lesions 19 . In addition, periodontal disease may act to reduce orthodontic tooth movement, as has been shown in mice 21 …”