Reduction of Ochratoxin A Levels in Red Wine by Bentonite, Modified Bentonites, and Chitosan

Abstract

Adsorption method may play an important role to remove ochratoxin A (OTA) from wine by bentonite (B), nonylammonium bentonite (NB), dodecylammonium bentonite (DB), KSF-montmorillonite (KSF), and chitosan bead (CB). The optimum conditions of OTA adsorption from synthetic solutions were revealed at room temperature and pH 3.5. The adsorption equilibria of B and NB were almost established within 120 and 240 min, respectively. DB, KSF, and CB had about 90 min of equilibration time. The adsorption efficiency carried out in the synthetic OTA solution did not change remarkably when the amounts of adsorbents were 25 mg for bentonite, DB, and KSF and 100 mg for NB and CB. Furthermore, 25 mg of adsorbents was used at all adsorption studies in synthetic solution. The adsorption isotherm was fitted with mostly a Freundlich equation with respect to the correlation coefficients. The adsorption data were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich equations having Kf values ranging from 0.011 to 9.5 with respect to correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.900-0.977). DB and KSF have the highest adsorption capacity for OTA in synthetic solutions. In wine, the removal of OTA was succeeded at a percentage of 60-100 by KSF and CB. Furthermore, the highest adsorption capacity of OTA for red wine was obtained by using 250 mg of KSF, which caused less damage to the nature of wine and also low adsorption of polyphenols and anthcyans.

Development of an in vitro method for the prediction of mycotoxin binding on yeast-based products: case of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and ochratoxin A

“…Originally, in vitro tests have been performed at a defined pH, sometimes acidic (Kurtbay et al 2008), but more often at a neutral pH (Carvet et al 2010;Yiannikouris et al 2004) and using a single mycotoxin concentration (Shetty and Jespersen 2006). The methods of selection using a unique mycotoxin concentration may lead to erroneous result when the concentrations of mycotoxin changed (Shetty and Jespersen 2006;Bueno et al 2007;Pizzolitto et al 2011).…”

Isotherm modeling of organic activated bentonite and humic acid polymer used as mycotoxin adsorbents

“…The performance at pH 10 was much lower than at pH 2 or 6.5. Dakovic et al (2003) and (Kurtbay et al, 2008). The last authors showed that OTA adsorption onto non-modified bentonite was poor, while organically activated bentonite was effective to adsorb OTA, suggesting that the improved hydrophobicity by organic activation results in a broader application to mycotoxins that are less polar.…”

“…The ability of such activated bentonites to bind diverse structures has been demonstrated in vitro with zearalenone (Bueno et al, 2005), aflatoxin (Thieu et al, 2008) and ochratoxin A from wine (Kurtbay et al, 2008).…”

“…A regularly used tool to define the optimal concentration and absorbent capacity of different substances are in vitro assays conducted in buffer solutions with or without feed materials and enzymes (Avantaggiato et al, 2007). Originally, in vitro tests have been performed at a defined pH, sometimes (Kurtbay et al, 2008), but more often at a neutral pH (Cavret et al, 2010).…”

Wine Contamination with Ochratoxins: A Review

“…Some examples of fining adsorbents that have been reported to be highly efficient to remove OTA from contaminated wines include activated carbon [78,99,100], bentonite [97,101,102], gelatin [102,103], egg albumin [101,103], potassium caseinate [99], and naturals polymers, such as chitin and chitosan [102,104,105]. Despite their efficiency to detoxify, almost all of them modify organoleptic properties of wine even when they are used at the recommended dosage range.…”