Reduction of iron ore with coal by microwave heating

Zhong, S.; Geotzman, H.E.; Bleifuss, Rodney L

doi:10.1007/bf03402742

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The method used here for the preparation of the urchin‐like α‐Fe 2 O 3 is different to the methods described in the literature 33,34. In this study, the urchin‐like α‐Fe 2 O 3 nanoarchitectures were prepared in two steps.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF₂ Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe₂O₃ Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

et al. 2014

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Novel urchin‐like FeF2 nanoarchitectures have been fabricated by an unconventional nonhomogeneous ionic liquid/diphenyl ether solvothermal method. Subsequent solid‐state thermal annealing was utilized to convert the FeF2 nanoarchitectures into 3D urchin‐like mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 nanoarchitectures. The reaction system and temperature played important roles in the morphology of FeF2 and the growth of the 3D urchin‐like α‐Fe2O3. A study of methane activation over the 3D urchin‐like mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 nanoarchitectures revealed that methane was activated and converted into carbon dioxide at a low temperature (230 °C). Compounds containing C–C bonds were produced at 600 °C. This 3D urchin‐like mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 shows excellent potential as a catalyst for methane conversion in the chemical industry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF₂ Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe₂O₃ Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

et al. 2014

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“…To overcome these limits, the use of microwave energy in materials processing has been studied for nearly sixty years [2][3][4], addressing the possible selective, rapid and volumetric heating offered by this technique. Researchers in the last few decades started suggesting microwave heating as an alternative way for rapid and uniform heating of pellets [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its implementation, both coupled with conventional heating techniques or as pure microwave heating, is expected to lead to further advantages in terms of faster throughput [6]. For these reasons, microwave heating has been extensively explored in various fields of materials processing [7], for both chemical and metallurgical industries [2,3,5] but also in energy and the environmental field [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It thus provides an alternative to the burning of fossil fuels and can be proficiently used to perform the initial heating which is functional to other electro-heat techniques, like induction heating or electric arc heating [1] In contrast to all other commonly used methods [2], microwaves exhibits unique characteristics such as volumetric and selective heating [7]. The main benefits of exploiting microwave energy in thermally activated processes stem from the specificity of microwave energy absorption, which can be used also against unfavorable temperature gradients [3]. When applied to low thermal conductivity loads or relatively large solid loads, microwave heating can lead to many exceptional advantages over conventional processing methods, including generation of peculiar temperature profiles, reduction in process time [3], saving of pre-treatment units with faster processing and both energy and cost savings and greater sustainability (CO 2 emission reduction).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Microwave and Induction Heating Applicator for Metal Making: Design and Testing

Colombini

Papalia²,

Barozzi³

et al. 2020

Metals

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The use of microwave heating in primary metallurgy is gaining an increasing interest due to the possibility to selectively process ores and to volumetrically heat large amounts of low-thermal conductivity minerals. In this paper the study, development and testing of a new applicator combining the use of microwave and induction heating for rapid reduction of metal containing oxides is described. Numerical simulation was used in order to achieve the proper control over heat generation, considering the use of microwave solid state generators. A prototype, with a capacity up to 5 liters of standard input feed but with the predisposition for continuous processing has been designed, built and tested on reference loads like iron oxide powders and pellets. Results on the microwave heating part of the applicator indicate that it allows to efficiently and rapidly process these kinds of loads, which change from dielectric to conductors as reduction proceeds. The use of variable frequency solid state microwave generators allows to maximize energy efficiency and to controllably change the heating pattern inside the load.

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“…A review of the literature reveals that solid‐state reduction of iron ore with carbon, coke breeze or charcoal has been investigated for many years and many authors have studied pre‐reduction of chromite with carbon [2–14]. The reduced iron can be used as scrap in steelmaking.…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental studies on solid‐state reduction of pickling sludge generated in the stainless steel production

Lindblom

Björkman

2005

Scand Jof Metallurgy

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Neutralized pickling sludge generated during stainless steel production contains large amounts of calcium fluoride, water and a relatively low metal content, which makes it difficult to directly recycle back to the steelmaking process. It would also pose a potential environmental problem if deposited outdoors over a long term. However, metals such as iron, nickel and chromium, in the form of oxides and/or hydroxides, as well as calcium fluoride in the sludge, are of economic concern to stainless steel makers. Therefore, to develop an economically and technically suitable recycling process, a comparison study on reducing both pickling sludge and mixtures of metal oxides, using petroleum coke (P-coke) and graphite as reductant, respectively, was carried out at temperatures up to 1400 • C using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Meanwhile, laboratory-scale tests on reducing pickling sludge, using Pcoke as reductant, were also conducted in a Tammann fur-nace at 800-1200 • C. Results of the comparison study by TG demonstrate that the reduction behaviour of pickling sludge may be approached by the reduction behaviour of the metal oxide mixture having the same composition as those in the pickling sludge. Results of the Tammann furnace tests show that temperature has a significant influence on reduction. The reduced metals in the reduction products exist mostly in the form of alloys such as '(Fe,Ni)' and 'Cr-Fe-Ni'.

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Reduction of iron ore with coal by microwave heating

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF₂ Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe₂O₃ Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF₂ Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe₂O₃ Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

A Novel Microwave and Induction Heating Applicator for Metal Making: Design and Testing

Experimental studies on solid‐state reduction of pickling sludge generated in the stainless steel production

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Reduction of iron ore with coal by microwave heating

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF2 Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF2 Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

A Novel Microwave and Induction Heating Applicator for Metal Making: Design and Testing

Experimental studies on solid‐state reduction of pickling sludge generated in the stainless steel production

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Product

Resources

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Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF₂ Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe₂O₃ Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation

Synthesis of Urchin‐Like FeF₂ Nanoarchitectures and Their Conversion into Three‐Dimensional Urchin‐Like Mesoporous α‐Fe₂O₃ Nanoarchitectures for Methane Activation