Reduction of inflammation and colon injury by a Pennyroyal phenolic extract in experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mice

Attenuation of Colonic Injury and Inflammation by Administration of a Phenolic Extract of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice

“…Lately, we have been evaluating the protective effect of phenolic extracts originating from aromatic herbs and have demonstrated a beneficial effect of the administration of spearmint and pennyroyal phenolic extracts in this animal model of TNBS-induced Ulcerative Colitis [14,15]. Curiously, we demonstrated that rosmarinic acid was the principal compound in both of these experiments, like what we observed in the present study, further suggesting a relevant role of this phenolic acid in the beneficial effect.…”

“…In a study of the anti-inflammatory effect of an extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and of rosmarinic acid, our team proved that the anti-inflammatory effect of both was equivalent for the same dose of rosmarinic acid, although the anti-oxidant activity was much higher for the extract [43]. Therefore, in the present work, characterization of the anti-oxidant effect of the extract was important to show anti-oxidant equivalence with other aromatic plants [14,15], but evaluation of its specific effect on inflammatory models was necessary to assess the anti-inflammatory activity.…”

“…Our group has previously studied the effect of phenolic extracts (leaves) of aromatic plants (anti-inflammatory related effect), having described the positive effects of administration of phenolic extracts of pennyroyal and spearmint in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [14,15]. Additionally, previous studies have characterized aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Satureja species and identified phenolic acids as main constituents, with a chemical profile similar to the ones studied by our team [16][17][18][19].…”

“…Animals were subjected to administration of water (1 mL/kg) by oral gavage (n = 6); (ii) Carrageenan Group included paw edema animals and administered with 1 mL/kg of water by gastric gavage (n = 8); (iii) Summer Savory group-paw edema animals and administered with Summer Savory extract (15 mg of phenolic acids/kg by gastric gavage) 30 min prior to injection of carrageenan (n = 8); (iv) indomethacin group included paw edema animals with and administered with indomethacin (10 mg/kg by gastric gavage) 30 min prior to injection of carrageenan (n = 8); (v) tempol group included paw edema animals and administered with tempol (30 mg/kg by gastric gavage) 30 min prior to injection of carrageenan (n = 8); and (vi) trolox group included paw edema animals and administered with trolox (10 mg/kg by gastric gavage) 30 min prior to injection of carrageenan (n = 8). The dose of the extract was selected from previous studies by our group related with the evaluation of the beneficial effects of different phenolic extracts in several models of inflammation (including studies with aromatic plants), and the dose of 15 mg/kg of phenolic acids lead to consistent results and also fits into the range of possibility for clinical translation and use, considering a human adult of 70 kg [14,15,[44][45][46]. 2.7.…”

“…Induction of colitis was performed by administration of TNBS as previously described (Rocha et al, 2019). Briefly, a 50% ethanolic (EtOH) solution of TNBS (2.5% m/v) was administered by intracolonic administration (4 cm above the anus).…”