“…The turbo-lag characteristic of a direct-injection (DI) turbocharged and after-cooled (TCA) diesel engine will result in deteriorating performance under transient operations because of inadequate air charge, excess fuel supply and poor incylinder air turbulence [1,2]. To reduce such deterioration, new technologies such as the additional mechanical supercharging system [3], twin turbo system [4,5], turbocharger power assist system [6], variable geometry turbo charger system [7][8][9][10], and variable flow turbocharger [11] have been proposed in recent years.…”