Abstract:Variation in energy availability or maintenance costs in extreme environments can exert selection for efficient energy use, and reductions in organismal energy demand can be achieved in two ways: reducing body mass or metabolic suppression. Whether long-term exposure to extreme environmental conditions drives adaptive shifts in body mass or metabolic rates remains an open question. We studied body size variation and variation in routine metabolic rates in locally adapted populations of extremophile fish (Poeci… Show more
“…; Passow et al. ). Sulfidic populations are also genetically differentiated from neighboring nonsulfidic populations despite a lack of physical barriers (Palacios et al.…”
Assortative mating is critical for reproductive isolation during speciation; however, the mechanisms underlying mating preferences are often unknown. Assortative mating can be mediated through preferences for condition-dependent and adaptive ("magic") traits, but rigorously testing these hypotheses has been impeded by trait covariation in living organisms. We used computer-generated models to examine the role of body shape in producing association preferences between fish populations undergoing ecological speciation in different habitat types. We demonstrate that body shape can serve as an adaptive trait (variation in head size between populations) and a condition-dependent signal (variation in abdominal distention among individuals). Female preferences for stimuli varying in only one aspect of body shape uncovered evidence for body shape as a magic trait across population pairs, but no evidence for body shape serving as a condition-dependent signal. Evolution of preferences only in females from one habitat type as well as stronger preferences in sympatric nonsulfidic as opposed to allopatric nonsulfidic populations suggests that reinforcement may have played a role in producing the observed patterns.
“…; Passow et al. ). Sulfidic populations are also genetically differentiated from neighboring nonsulfidic populations despite a lack of physical barriers (Palacios et al.…”
Assortative mating is critical for reproductive isolation during speciation; however, the mechanisms underlying mating preferences are often unknown. Assortative mating can be mediated through preferences for condition-dependent and adaptive ("magic") traits, but rigorously testing these hypotheses has been impeded by trait covariation in living organisms. We used computer-generated models to examine the role of body shape in producing association preferences between fish populations undergoing ecological speciation in different habitat types. We demonstrate that body shape can serve as an adaptive trait (variation in head size between populations) and a condition-dependent signal (variation in abdominal distention among individuals). Female preferences for stimuli varying in only one aspect of body shape uncovered evidence for body shape as a magic trait across population pairs, but no evidence for body shape serving as a condition-dependent signal. Evolution of preferences only in females from one habitat type as well as stronger preferences in sympatric nonsulfidic as opposed to allopatric nonsulfidic populations suggests that reinforcement may have played a role in producing the observed patterns.
“…This pattern in sticklebacks was attributed to resource acquisition needs. Smaller individuals lose a greater proportion of their body weight compared to larger individuals, possibly due to mass-specific metabolic rates (Passow et al 2015). Smaller individuals may emerge sooner and for longer periods of time due to the need to obtain food.…”
Vertebrate pigmentation is emerging as a powerful system for studying the evolution of adaptive traits and the maintenance of genetic and phenotypic variation in natural populations. Though melanism has been linked to physiological and behavioral traits in a variety of taxa, the generality of these associations for many taxa such as fishes remains unclear. Here I tested whether variation in melanism in a livebearing fish was correlated with a variety of traits often tested in other taxa: locomotor stress coping style during confinement, boldness in a novel environment, and metabolic rate. There were significant negative associations between an individual's amount of melanistic pigmentation and both activity in confinement and boldness in a novel environment. In contrast with evidence from many prior studies, there was no relationship between melanism and metabolic rate. Overall, the data provide some support for documented relationships between melanism and behavioral traits, but did not support the generally reported relationship between melanism and metabolic rate. Links between melanism and behavioral coping strategies related to environmental stressors may have important implications for the evolution and maintenance of behavioral and morphological variation in natural populations. Nonetheless, these results also suggest variation among taxa in the extent to which pleiotropy has evolved between melanism and diverse organismal traits.
“…For example, the presence of H 2 S affects energy budgets of sulphide spring residents, both because sulphide detoxification is energetically costly and energy acquisition is constrained by aquatic surface respiration [125]. As a consequence, some sulphide spring Poecilia are in worse nutritional condition [132] (see [71]), exhibit changes in energy metabolism [133], and diverged in life history strategies, producing fewer but substantially larger offspring [71,74,134]. In addition, colonizing sulphide springs was accompanied by changes in trophic resource use, where Poecilia switched from a typically algivorous diet in non-sulphidic habitats to a diet consisting of sulphur-metabolizing bacteria and invertebrates in sulphidic habitats [94,131].…”
Section: Adaptation To Sulphide Spring Environments In the Family Poementioning
Extreme environments are characterised by the presence of physicochemical stressors and provide unique study systems to address problems in evolutionary ecology research. Sulphide springs provide an example of extreme freshwater environments; because hydrogen sulphide's adverse physiological effects induce mortality in metazoans even at micromolar concentrations. Sulphide springs occur worldwide, but while microbial communities in sulphide springs have received broad attention, little is known about macroinvertebrates and fish inhabiting these toxic environments. We reviewed qualitative occurrence records of sulphide spring faunas on a global scale and present a quantitative case study comparing diversity patterns in sulphidic and adjacent non-sulphidic habitats across replicated river drainages in Southern Mexico. While detailed studies in most regions of the world remain scarce, available data suggests that sulphide spring faunas are characterised by low species richness. Dipterans (among macroinvertebrates) and cyprinodontiforms (among fishes) appear to dominate the communities in these habitats. At least in fish, there is evidence for the presence of highly endemic species and populations exclusively inhabiting sulphide springs. We provide a detailed discussion of traits that might predispose certain taxonomic groups to colonize sulphide springs, how colonizers subsequently adapt to cope with sulphide toxicity, and how adaptation may be linked to speciation processes.
OPEN ACCESSDiversity 2014, 6 598
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