Reduction of cardiovascular disease—related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: Evidence from a national cohort

Wolf, Pamela H.; Madans, Jennifer H.; Finucane, Fanchon F.; Higgins, Millicent; Kleinman, Joel C.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)80006-2

Cited by 150 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…1 Epidemiological studies have also consistently suggested that postmenopausal women using HRT have a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. 2,3 This reduced risk of coronary events is believed to be mediated by an inhibition of the atherosclerotic process, a hypothesis that is consistent with the beneficial effects of HRT in humans on plasma lipids 4 and supported by animal studies showing that HRT reduces the severity of atherosclerosis. 5,6 However, thrombosis is also an important component of coronary events, and concerns have been raised about the potential thrombogenic effects of estrogen in the venous and arterial vasculature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 60%

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases Coagulation Activity and Fibrinolysis

Teede

McGrath

Smolich

et al. 2000

ATVB

124

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Abstract-Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) appears to be cardioprotective in postmenopausal women; however, concerns exist over its thrombogenic effects. To address the effects of combined HRT on coagulation and fibrinolysis, we have measured circulating markers of these processes in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Forty-two healthy postmenopausal women aged 50 to 75 years received continuous combined HRT with 2 mg estradiolϩ1 mg norethisterone or placebo for 6 weeks. Hormone profiles were measured at baseline, and lipid and hemostatic parameters were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks of therapy. Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. With change from baseline the main outcome measure, HRT increased the markers of coagulation (prothrombin fragments 1ϩ2, 0.

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mentioning

confidence: 60%

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases Coagulation Activity and Fibrinolysis

Teede

McGrath

Smolich

et al. 2000

ATVB

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1 At that time, the large observational studies that constituted the best available evidence further indicated the potential for ERT to confer a cardioprotective benefit to women [2][3][4] and to prevent bone loss. 1,5 The early large observational studies indicated a small but significant risk of breast cancer, [6][7][8] and of endometrial cancer among women with an intact uterus taking unopposed estrogen therapy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic diseases: recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Wathen

Feig²,

Feightner³

et al. 2004

Canadian Medical Association Journal

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“…Estrogen replacement therapy has been found to protect menopausal women against risk of cardiovascular disease [10][11][12][13]. It is known that estrogen lowers serum lipid level [1 1].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Estrogen and Progesterone on Gene Expression of Growth Regulatory Molecules and Proto-Oncogene in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.

et al. 2000

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Abstract.We examined influences of estrogen and progestogen on gene expression of the growth regulatory molecules: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and proto-oncogene cmyc in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern-blotting.VSMC were exposed to estrone-sulfate (E,-S) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to induce differentiation.El-S inhibited the expression of PDGF-A chain, IL-1, IL-6 and c-myc mRNA, whereas MPA had no effect. Inhibition by El-S was not affected by treatment combined with MPA. These findings suggest that estrogen modulates these growth regulatory molecules and c-myc gene expression in VSMC but not progestogen.We concluded that estrogen may have a direct atheroprotective effect through inhibition of growth regulatory factors. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies have indicated that the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women increases remarkably after menopause [1]. Before menopause, CHD is rare in women. The incidence of CHD in young and middle-aged women, compared with men of the same age, remains low until menopause [1][2][3]. After menopause, CHD mortality rate for women rapidly approaches that of men. According to 1996 statistics, cardiovascular disease accounted for 39% of all women's deaths, but only 30% of all men's deaths [4].Loss of ovarian function causes changes in plasma lipids [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], apolipoproteins [7] and blood pressure

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Reduction of cardiovascular disease—related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: Evidence from a national cohort

Cited by 150 publications

References 14 publications

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases Coagulation Activity and Fibrinolysis

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases Coagulation Activity and Fibrinolysis

Hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic diseases: recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Effect of Estrogen and Progesterone on Gene Expression of Growth Regulatory Molecules and Proto-Oncogene in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.

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