Reduction of borax / agar-based gel residues used to neutralize acidity of a historical manuscript with use of different paper barriers: Artificial ageing results

Abstract

Borax-agar gel has been used recently in the deacidification and other conservation processes for paper manuscripts. However, the residues of borax-agar can be damaging to the cellulose fibers. Conservators are trying to solve this problem, especially with the great success achieved by the borax / agar based gel in the acidity neutralization and improve the mechanical properties of the paper manuscripts. The current study considers whether the use of paper barriers such as Japanese gampi, linen, and rayon can reduce harmful borax-agar residues. Historical paper specimens were treated with 3% and 6% of agar poultice with different barriers such as rayon, pure linen, and Japanese gampi paper. After drying, the treated paper samples were exposed to hot-moist ageing at 80 °C and 65% relative humidity for 72 h. The role of different barriers used in the reduction of residues from agar poultice and the effect of these residues on cellulose fibers were studied via some analytical techniques, such as digital optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, pH, color change, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were used. The results showed that 3% of the agar poultice-borax with a linen barrier gave the best results with no residue left after treatment.

The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper

“…It can be seen that the highest MOR values were 144.18 and 139.65 MPa, obtained from rusted J. nigra and heated P. rigida wood, respectively, followed by untreated T. grandis wood (129. As for the density of the tested woods, the statistical model used showed no significant differences among the samples, but the highest density values were found in all wood species within their treatments (0.538-0.599 g/cm 3 ) except for the values obtained from E. humeana wood (0.214-0.227 g/cm 3 ). The moisture content for all the tested wood species and their treatments was in the range of 7.34-12.51%, with no significant differences among the samples.…”

“…Wood, as a natural material, can be deteriorated by biodegradation, weathering and ageing. Weathering (the slow degradation of materials exposed to the weather) and Polymers 2021, 13, 3483 2 of 21 accelerated weathering (the laboratory emulation of the damaging factors of weather for the aim of anticipating the relative strength of materials exposed to outdoor environments) have been studied for their effects on the properties of wood [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By investigating the heat treatment, the ageing mechanism of wood can be evaluated [9,10].…”

Hydroxypropyl cellulose loaded with ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing the mechanical properties of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) strips

“…The samples were analyzed with an FTIR spectrometer (Model6100, Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The spectra were obtained in the transmission mode with a triglycine sulfate (TGS) detector using the KBr method and represent 2-mm/s co-added scans in the spectral region from 4000 cm -1 to 400 cm -1 , with a resolution of 4 cm -1 (Salim et al 2020).…”

“…Several materials are used for cellulosic conservation as supports, such as starches, gums, cellulose ether, and proteins (Hamburg 1988). The preparation of durable and efficient materials for conserving cellulosic supports is of great importance, and new technologies have emerged for conservation processes, including nanotechnologies (Giorgi et al 2002;Ali et al 2018;Hassan and Mohamed 2018;Salem et al 2019;Salim et al 2020), which allow production of minute objects as small as a nanometer (Hahn 2011).…”

Application of frankincense and rice starch as eco-friendly substances for the resizing of paper as a conservation practice

“…The samples were analyzed with an FTIR spectrometer (Model 6100, Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The spectra were obtained in transmission mode with a triglycine sulfate (TGS) detector via the KBr method and represent 2 mm/s co-added scans in the spectral region from 4000 to 400 cm -1 , with a resolution of 4 cm -1 (Salim et al 2020).…”