Reduction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor‐mediated activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures due to anaerobic microbial dechlorination

Quensen, John F.; Mouśa, M. A.; Boyd, Stephen A.; Sanderson, J. Thomas; Froese, Kenneth L.; Giesy, John P.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620170507

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast, anaerobic microbial reductive dechlorination, which replaces chlorine atoms with hydrogen atoms, preferentially attacks PCBs with two to nine chlorines. Reductive dechlorination is the key process for PCB detoxification in aquatic sediments (5,9,52). Significantly, reductive dechlorination acts on the congeners that bioaccumulate to the greatest extent and pose the greatest risks to human health (9,12,52,62).…”

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“…Reductive dechlorination is the key process for PCB detoxification in aquatic sediments (5,9,52). Significantly, reductive dechlorination acts on the congeners that bioaccumulate to the greatest extent and pose the greatest risks to human health (9,12,52,62). The reduced products are less persistent and are more readily degraded by other organisms, in particular aerobic bacteria using the biphenyl pathway (5).…”

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The Dehalococcoides Population in Sediment-Free Mixed Cultures Metabolically Dechlorinates the Commercial Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Aroclor 1260

Bedard

Ritalahti²,

Löffler

2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

145

120

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Microbial reductive dechlorination of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures (e.g., Aroclors) in aquatic sediments is crucial to achieve detoxification. Despite extensive efforts over nearly two decades, the microorganisms responsible for Aroclor dechlorination remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that anaerobic bacteria of the Dehalococcoides group derived from sediment of the Housatonic River

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The Dehalococcoides Population in Sediment-Free Mixed Cultures Metabolically Dechlorinates the Commercial Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Aroclor 1260

Bedard

Ritalahti²,

Löffler

2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

145

120

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confidence: 99%

“…Multiple adverse health effects have been attributed to them, and they are suspected human carcinogens (62). Microbial reductive PCB dechlorination provides a natural means of detoxifying PCBs in aquatic sediments because it reduces their persistence and increases their biodegradability and metabolism by other prokaryotes and by higher organisms (14,16,50,51,55).There have been numerous reports of microbial dechlorination of Aroclors observed in situ and in laboratory experiments with sediment slurries (3,9,17,18,24,34,35,47,48,53,54,66).Furthermore, eight microbial PCB dechlorination processes have been described (8, 9). Each of these dechlorination processes dechlorinates multiple PCB congeners in commercial PCB mixtures such as Aroclors, but they differ in the PCB congeners that are substrates, the PCB congeners that are products, and the chlorine positions targeted.…”

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Development and Characterization of Stable Sediment-Free Anaerobic Bacterial Enrichment Cultures That Dechlorinate Aroclor 1260

Bedard

Bailey

Reiss

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We have developed sediment-free anaerobic enrichment cultures that dechlorinate a broad spectrum of highly chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The cultures were developed from Aroclor 1260-contaminated sediment from the Housatonic River in Lenox, MA. Sediment slurries were primed with 2,6-dibromobiphenyl to stimulate Process N dechlorination (primarily meta dechlorination), and sediment was gradually removed by successive transfers (10%) to minimal medium. The cultures grow on pyruvate, butyrate, or acetate plus H 2 . Gas chromatography-electron capture detector analysis demonstrated that the cultures extensively dechlorinate 50 to 500 g/ml of Aroclor 1260 at 22 to 24°C by Dechlorination Process N. Triplicate cultures of the eighth transfer without sediment dechlorinated 76% of the hexa-through nonachlorobiphenyls in Aroclor 1260 (250 g/ml) to tri-through pentachlorobiphenyls in 110 days. At least 64 PCB congeners, all of which are chlorinated on both rings and 47 of which have six or more chlorines, were substrates for this dechlorination. To characterize the bacterial diversity in the enrichments, we used eubacterial primers to amplify and clone 16S rRNA genes from DNA extracted from cultures grown on acetate plus H 2 . Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 107 clones demonstrated the presence of Thauera-like Betaproteobacteria, Geobacterlike Deltaproteobacteria, Pseudomonas species, various Clostridiales, Bacteroidetes, Dehalococcoides of the Chloroflexi group, and unclassified Eubacteria. Our development of highly enriched, robust, stable, sediment-free cultures that extensively dechlorinate a highly chlorinated commercial PCB mixture is a major and unprecedented breakthrough in the field. It will enable intensive study of the organisms and genes responsible for a major PCB dechlorination process that occurs in the environment and could also lead to effective remediation applications.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are priority pollutants that were used worldwide for a variety of applications for more than 50 years. PCB molecules are composed of a biphenyl backbone substituted with 1 to 10 chlorines. They were manufactured by catalytic chlorination of biphenyl to obtain specified weight percentages of chlorine for different applications. Consequently, they are complex mixtures, each composed of 60 to 90 PCB congeners. In the United States PCBs were produced under the trade name Aroclor. Several hundred million pounds of PCBs were released into the environment and pollute many rivers, lakes, and harbors worldwide. These PCBs persist in the sediments, accumulate in biota, and biomagnify in the food chain. Multiple adverse health effects have been attributed to them, and they are suspected human carcinogens (62). Microbial reductive PCB dechlorination provides a natural means of detoxifying PCBs in aquatic sediments because it reduces their persistence and increases their biodegradability and metabolism by other prokaryotes and by higher organisms (14,16,50,51,55).There have been numer...

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“…The total PCB concentration and the identity and concentration of the individual congeners were determined by gas chromatography (9). The A separate analysis for coplanar PCB congeners and for polychlorodibenzodioxin and -dibenzofuran (PCDD/PCDF) contamination was performed as described by Quensen and colleagues (58) 10-mm film) was used to achieve near-complete resolution of the target congeners. The instrument detection limit (IDL) for these analyses ranged from 1.5 to 8.0 pg in the injected sample.…”

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Altered biologic activities of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures after microbial reductive dechlorination.

Mouśa

Ganey

Quensen

et al. 1998

Environ Health Perspect

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The reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by anaerobic bacteria has recently been established as an important environmental fate of these compounds. This process removes chlorines directly from the biphenyl ring with replacement by hydrogen, resulting in a product mixture in which the average number of chlorines per biphenyl is reduced. In this study, dechlorination of commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclors 1242 and 1254) by microorganisms eluted from PCB-contaminated sediments of the River Raisin (Michigan) and Silver Lake (Massachusetts) caused a depletion in the proportion of highly chlorinated PCB congeners and an accumulation of lesser-chlorinated congeners. Dechlorination occurred primarily at the meta and, to a much lesser extent, para positions of biphenyl. The concentrations of the coplanar congeners including 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl, the most potent dioxinlike congener, were significantly lowered by reductive dechlorination. Microbial reductive dechlorination of commercial PCB mixtures caused a substantial reduction in biologic activity in several instances. It significantly lowered or eliminated the inhibitory effects of Aroclors on fertilization of mouse gametes in vitro. Similarly, the dechlorinated product mixtures had substantially lower ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase induction potencies and showed less ability to induce activating protein 1 transcription factor activity as compared to the unaltered Aroclors. In other assays the same dechlorinated product mixtures demonstrated biologic activities similar to the nondechlorinated Aroclors, including the ability of PCB mixtures to stimulate insulin secretion and cause neutrophil activation. The data presented here establish that the biologic activities of commercial PCB mixtures are altered by microbial reductive dechlorination and that an assessment of their toxic potential requires an array of tests that include the different mechanisms associated with PCBs.

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Reduction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor‐mediated activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures due to anaerobic microbial dechlorination

Cited by 43 publications

References 23 publications

The Dehalococcoides Population in Sediment-Free Mixed Cultures Metabolically Dechlorinates the Commercial Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Aroclor 1260

The Dehalococcoides Population in Sediment-Free Mixed Cultures Metabolically Dechlorinates the Commercial Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Aroclor 1260

Development and Characterization of Stable Sediment-Free Anaerobic Bacterial Enrichment Cultures That Dechlorinate Aroclor 1260

Altered biologic activities of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures after microbial reductive dechlorination.

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