“…The basic meaning of I4.0 lies in connecting products, machines, and people with the environment and combining production, information technology, and the internet (Kagermann et al 2013). Industry, especially in high-wage countries, must introduce these types of smart production strategies to maintain the current competitive advantage in the long-term competing on a global market (Manhart 2017). To remain competitive, lead times, flexibility, and the ability to produce many individual kinds of products in low batch sizes or batch sizes of one, must improve (Spath et al 2013;Matt and Rauch 2013a).…”